Rates of reaction Essay Example for Free

Rates of reception EssayThe two equations slew then devote to cookher to dedicate an boilers suit locate equation RNa2S2O3xHClY Experimentally I entrust be changing the intentnesss of each the reactants independently and then calculating the rate for each concentration. From these rates I lead be able to draw a log graph of rate against concentrations and from my calculation I can let the orders for each of the reactants. Variables The independent variable in the experiment is the initial concentrations of atomic number 11 Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid. I will be changing this variable and seeing how it affect the metre taken for the reaction to take puzzle and therefore how the concentration affects the rate of the reaction. However as only one variable can be changed I will keep one reactant constant whilst changing the other to get a fair set of results. This will show me the affect of each reactant on the rate independently. The dependent variable is the on e that will be monitored in the reaction. The dependent variable is the time taken for the reaction to take place which can be apply to calculate the rate of the reaction.The method I will be using is by seeing how long it takes for a black muff underneath the conic flask to disappear which will be the point in all the reactions where the concentration of the sulphur precipitate is equal and so will the rate can be fairly calculated. To reduce errors I will need to use my preliminary results to find a volume that will give a long enough time to measure accurately, but not too long to affect the rate which is calculated by dividing initial concentration by time.These graphs show how if the time taken for the reaction to reach a specific concentration is too long it will not be a true reflection on the actual initial rate of the reaction. The first variable that must be controlled is the temperature of the reactions. This is because temperature will affect the rate of the reaction a s a higher temperature will cause an increase in the rate. If the temperature varies between reactions it will have an affect on the results. To try and insure the very(prenominal) temperature is utilise I will have all reactants at room temperature and carry out all the reactions in one lesson.Another control is the the volume of reactants used and the depth of the solution. If this is changed the amount of precipitate that will need to be observed through will change and therefore the concentration at which the cross disappears will be different. To control this the same volumes will be used and the same conical flask will be used and therefore the depth will be the same. Similarly the cross used will need to be the same as a thicker cross would mean it will disappear at a different concentration of sulphur and the results will not be fair.Finally I will not shake or move the conical flask once the reactants have been put together as this again might affect the rate of the react ion. Equipment 1. 200cm3 of Na2S2O3 1. 200cm3 of HCl 2. 10 x 50cm3 beakers 3. 2 x graduate Pipettes 4. Conical Flask 5. Stopwatch Method 1. Start by making the concentrations, using a graduated pipette measure out the correct volumes of sodium Thiosulphate and put into 5 small 50cm3 beakers. Then add the corresponding amounts of distilled water and label with the correct concentration. 2.Secondly draw a black cross onto a piece of paper which is no bigger than the base of the conical flask, place the conical flask on top of the flask. 3. Using another graduated pipette, place 25cm3 of 2M hydrochloric acid into the bottom of the conical flask. 4. Whilst standing above the conical flask, looking directly down, simultaneously pour the first concentration of Na2S2O3 into the conical flash and lettuce the stopwatch. 5. Keep observing and when the yellow precipitate causes the cross to completely disappear stop the stopwatch. 6.Record the time taken, wash out the conical flask well and repeat from step 3 but using the next dilution until all the concentrations have been reacted and recorded. 7. Repeat all results and average times. 8. Secondly replace the Sodium Thiosulphate with the HCl and copy above steps by measuring out correct concentrations and place into 5 more 50cm3 beakers. 9. This time add 25cm3 of Na2S2O3 into the bottom of the conical flask in the beginning recording the time taken for the cross to disappear again, for all the concentrations. 10. Repeat all results again for HCl concentrations. Initial Rates can then be calculated.Dilution Tables Na2S2O3 stringency / moldm-3 Na2S2O3 (1M) / cm3 Distilled Water / cm3 1 HCl Concentration / moldm-3 HCl (2M) / cm3 Distilled Water / cm3 Safety Points As concentrated Hydrochloric acid will be used make sure eye and flip over protection is worn. In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and with eye contact get medical attention immediately. Sulphur is beside s present so make sure the room is well ventilated to allow fumes to escape.Take veneration with glass wear, such as pipettes as they argon fragile and may break easily. If broken clear up all glass immediately. Time taken for Cross to unthaw / s Concentration of Na2S2O3 / moldm-3 1 2 Average Rate / moldm -3 s -1 logRate / log moldm -3 s -1 logconc. / log moldm-Time Taken for Cross to Disappear / s Concentration of HCl / moldm-3 1 2.Average Rate / moldm Analysis After drawing a graph of logRate against logConcentration and using the calculations in my plan, the gradient of the line gave me a value of 0. 957 which taking into account experimental error shows the order of the reaction of Sodium Thiosulphate is 1. Also when carrying out the investigation for how the rate changes with the concentration of HCl there is no noticeable change in rate when the concentration varies.Therefore I didnt draw a graph, as the table shows HCl concentration doesnt affect the rate of the reaction and must be zero order. I can therefore deduce that the rate equation for this reaction is Rate ? Na2S2O31 and Rate ? HCL0 Rate = C x Na2S2O3 where C is a constant which is proportional to the rate constant. The reason why the actual rate constant, k, can be calculated is because in the experiments the change in concentration cannot be calculated. However this always the same value as it is the concentration at which the cross disappeared and therefore the rate was proportional to 1/time.The intermeddle of the graph is equal to logC, -1. 02, therefore C = 10-1. 02 = 0. 095s -1. To conclude the results show that the rate of the reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid is directly proportional to the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate. This gives evidence to the mechanism of the reaction. In a most reactions the mechanism is not made up of one step but a series of talk terms stages where molecules form and break down. Each of these steps will have a rate which is due to how many molecules are colliding. For example if 2 molecules must shake up to for one product the reaction will be 2nd order.However the overall order for the reaction cannot be calculated using the stoichiometry in the overall equation. This is because the rate is determined by the rate of the slowest step of the mechanism, known as the rate determining step. In this reaction although 2HCl molecules are needed for the reaction to take place however from the kinetics that I found HCl has no effect on the rate and is zero order. Therefore the slowest step in this reaction is the breakdown of 1 Sodium Thiosulphate molecules as the reaction is 1st order. Evaluation.I feel the results I obtained allowed me to draw a graph and come to valid conclusions and be confident about calculating the order and rate equation for this reaction. I didnt have any obvious anomalies from my graph however there are some variablenesss that meant I couldnt calculate a rate of exactly 1. Also from my table of results for changing the concentration of HCl, where all the rates must be the same for difference concentrations, there is a anomaly with the 2. 0moldm-3 concentration. A limitation of my procedure was the way in which the rate was calculated using the disappearing cross method.This involves humankind judgement rather than a qualitative value that can be used to calculated the rate. There will also be an accuracy subject as there is a reaction time in realising the cross has disappeared and stopping the stopwatch. Another limitation of the procedure at the start of the timing and I had to add the chemicals together and start the stopwatch. This again causes an error in the actual time period taken for the cross to disappear. Another error is in the variation of temperature. As well as environmental variations in temperature the reaction was exothermic and heat is produced.When the temperature increases the k constant will increase, this is because the molecules have more kinetic power and there is a higher probability that they will collide and react. This means its is hard to control this factor which is affecting the rate of the reaction. There are also many accuracy errors caused by percentage error in measuring. There is a time error in the time taken when the cross disappears and the balk in stopping the time. When using the graduated there was an error of 0. 05/20 = 0. 25% error, human reaction time is about 0. 2/9. 34 = 2. 1%. To reduce this error I would choose another method of measuring the rate.Instead of using the cross method I would use a blowsy intensity machine that could measure the change in colour over a period of time and stop and start timing when it had reach a certain value. This quantitative method of measuring should make the results more accurate. To control the temperature I could use a large water bath which could control the temperature throughout the reaction. Another method that could be used is to measure the products formed. The easiest would be using a gas syringe to measure the amount of SO2 formed. This again would give a more quantitative results and increase the accuracy and reliability.

Easy Honey Hair Care Essay Example for Free

Easy H iy Hair Care EssayLet me start at the beginning. This past year, Ive been on a crazy hippie journey to eliminate toxic products from my life. Now, Im excited to say that all of my ashes care items are homemade and non toxic. This includes toothpaste, deodorant, body moisturizer (a blend of coconut petroleum, emu oil and essential oils), facial oil, and facial toner. I tried numerous types of DIY shampoos, including the no poo method, but I was never happy. They annoyed my sell or dried out my pig. As a matter of fact, the no poo method (baking soda + vinegar hair care) actually damages hairWhy Wash Hair with dulcify ShampooIve been washing my hair with this DIY dulcify shampoo for the past month and I LOVE the results First, my clumsy and persistent dandruff is clearing up. My hair is soft, shiny and it has become even more curly/wavy than usual. Finally, it is significantly less frizzy and I have no exact to use an anti-frizz product. My scalps oil production has normalized and I can go 4 days between hair washing.The pH of the scalp is between 4 and 7, and the pH of honey is well-nigh 4. The slightly acidic nature of the honey balances the scalp and fights dandruffRaw honey is naturally antibacterial and antifungal, so honey washing can do treat a bacterial/fungal issues on the scalpHoney wont strip the scalp and hair of the protective oils. As a result, hair result be less oily over time because the scalp will stop over-comensating with oil production (which happens when shampoos strip the scalp of all oils)Honey moisturizes the hair, and, since it doesnt strip the hair of naturaloils, hair will be softer with less frizzYou will be able to go longer and longer between washings as your scalps oil production normalizes. Now, I only need to wash my hair both 4 days (and Ive even gone a week between washing)Honey washing is easy and fastDIY Honey Shampoo mapping only raw honey. Regular honey is processed with damaging levels of heat and is actually cut with corn syrup. I recommend making it on a single serving basis, so just mix up a little bowl of the shampoo before you plan to use it. Heres the basic ratio, but you can adjust it as desired 1 Tbs. raw honey and 3 Tbs. filtered water. If necessary, slightly heat the mixture over very low heat to help dissolve the honey. Yes, this is really watery that is how it is supposed to be.If desired, add a few drops of essential oil. To the mixture above, I add about 2 drops of lavender essential oil, 2 drops of rosemary oil, and 2 drops of carrot seed oil. The essential oils add a light fragrance and also help with any flaky scalp issues. The carrot seed oil, especially, is very nourishing to the hair.Wet hair, then massage a few tablespoons of the honey shampoo on the scalp. Massage well to distribute over the scalp. Dont worry about getting the mixture on the ends of the hair, just the scalp area. Rinse well. No need to follow with any conditioner.How to store the honey sh ampooUPDATE I had one reader tell me her shampoo grew mold after one week. I have not had this happen to me, but I dont want anyone else to have this experience. That is why I have updated the post suggesting that you read it as you need it. Its super quick to mix together right before you wash your hair.Dun dun dun The Transition currentNobody likes the term transition period but I have to mention it. When you switch from any type of sudsing shampoo (which is very stripping and drying to hair) to honey washing, your hair will probably be oily and dull after the first couple times of honey washing. It may even take a month or two for your scalp oil production to normalize when you switch from regular shampoo to honey washing. So for the first week, you may need to honey wash every day. Then you will find you can go every other day, then every second day, etc.Updates and FAQs afterwards this post clocked in at the 350 comments mark in early September, I figured it was time for a fo llow-up. In my Honey Shampoo Updates and FAQs post, I take aim some common questions and explain my new hair care routine. I also give a couple of tips to make the transition period easier. Finally, I explain that natural hair care varies greatly from person to person and offer some other non-shampoo options to try if you dont like Honey Shampoo.

The huge volume of guidance for leaders

The huge volume of guidance for put acrossersEssay title The huge volume of guidance for leaders is a clear sign of the desire of those who croupt lead, to lead. In place of becoming leaders they become obedient representers of the latest leadership devises and fads.There is no consume route for leadership. It requires so many years of spartan exert, period and lots of communication to mellowed profile person in strategical positions. attractor is a person who finds out the right way for followers in which direction, they can get success. For example, teams in major league cricket matches won more(prenominal) games when players perceive the coach as an effective leader. In India, Mahatma Gandhi leads people together and got independence for country. According to Brigid Carroll and Lester Levy management and leadership can be contrastiveiated by identity, to understand and define leadership, it can be foll testify as emergent and desirable which is intangible, unknowab le and nebulous while management taken as nonpayment identity which is specific and pragmatic (Brigid Carroll and Lester Levy, 2008).About fads and fashions of leadership, it is a growing issue. Fashions atomic number 18 non remaining stable how to appear or ways of working that atomic number 18 popular during certain periods while fads are usually understood to be short-lived fashions. There are lots of management fads and fashion after foster World War such as, Acceptable Risk, Assessment Centers, Business Ethics, Centralization, Computerization, Distri exactlyed Intelligence, Job Enrichment, Job Sharing, Knowledge Management, Outsourcing, Privatization etc. and they all flourished to a varying extent (Carl V. Rabstejnek). roughly fads were short-lived and former(a)s dumbfound stood the test of time (Carl V. Rabstejnek, pg. 1).GUIDANCE FOR BEING LEADERThe leader leads his people towards the goal. He is the person who can get his people to follow him. He is the one who is loo ked up to, whose judgment is trusted, and who inspires the people working with him and for him. faithful leader should be motivating, inspiring and able to manage people. Leader should be magnetized and being visionary and confound top executive to acting decisively. There is very complex opinion virtually leadership either can take it as based on personality and physical traits or based on prescribed behaviors. Leadership can define in terms of queenfulness kind between leaders and followers. As good leaders, they must try to get employees to concentrate around common goal and should strike creative vision and strategic plan for an organization.Decisiveness is very measurable characteristic because every leader has to be taking some difficult decision in job. They contract to take decision that shows firmness and leads the team towards the desired goal. Great leader never take step back during the hard situation. They react according to the time and situation. Leader has to be aware about the surroundings, their peoples working style and nature, about their brag, about the companys desired goal and strategy. So, leader can be preplanned what to do in future and in such token of situation. By understanding the problem and situation, leaders have to take wise decisions that lead team towards the goal.Attitude of leader is as well an important factor in team work because it determines the action and affects the peoples working style. Leader has to be optimistic and should be become the source of positive energy that inspires the others. Great leaders are always aware of their peoples imagineing, their problems and needs. Leaders have to try to solve their problems which improve the outcome of work. People inspired by this because when they get positive rejoinder from leader, they feel satisfaction. This helps to bring forth effective and efficient work environment in which people work together willingly.To make leadership successful, engagement is incumbent because by engaging the all team members together help the team to share their ideas and contributions which lead the team towards the desired goal.Empowerment and collaborations are overly needed because by this team members do not feel smothered and ignored and feel the part of team which leads the team to work together. They will show willingness to work together with positive attitude which take them towards the teams success. Rewarding is also considering an important factor in leadership because it motivates the team members. When team member has been rewarded for their good work, they feel satisfaction which built the positive response towards the work. Team work output increases with this.Self-assessment is also needed because by this, one can know his weakness and strength points. Leadership skills whitethorn be amend by concentrating on the weakness point. Knowing the organizational goals and purpose is also needed to lead the team towards the success. Co mmunication between leader and their team members should be honest and open. Leader has to know the each team member members capacity, skill and working style so it will be more effective to divide the work. Clear vision about goal and how to achieve it is necessary. Leader has to think analytically and leads the team with focalizationed towards the main goal. Trust worthy, passion and dedication with maintaining the high standard are necessary to get success. Leader has to be calm, confident enough and should be enthusiastic about their work with great commitment towards the hard work for desired output.COMPARE AND CONTRAST LEADERS AND FOLLOWERTo differentiate leader from follower is difficult they have several similarities as well as also have some differences. In leadership, one should have to take risk and lead the team have ability to see opportunity that other cannot see. Both should be able to learn from someone or something. Leaders must be independent and isolated and sho uld not rely on anyone but himself and have to be entrepreneurial and make workplace culture better by working with generous purpose. faithful leadership is needed to solve problems and to pilot unexpected circumstances Followers only need to be competent during the battle and must be able to carry out orders by their leader, with their own ability while at other times they have no need to be that competent. They could get for help from their friends but in contrast, Leader cannot ask for help from his followers or else his followers would consider him incompetent. Being a follower is easier than being a leader because leader has to be isolated and should have ability to solve his own problems.Leadership can be as successful or effective or both.Successful leadership but not effective- In this pattern, leaders style may not compatible but follower does the job because of leaders power and position. They obey the dictation and follow his idea.Effective leadership- the followers ma y do the job willingly to cooperate because the leaders request satisfies the followers needs or goal.Successful leadership-it emphasises upon position, power and close supervision.There are lots of different views about leadership, either it is a product of individual that assume ones behavior, styles, traits or a behavior rational, it may be taken as a heartyly constructed phenomena elsewhere some thinks that leader as a power holder (Neil Sutherland, Christopher Land and Steffen Bohm, 2013). Leadership position not hold s permanent use of goods and services in organization ,instead of this, it gives opportunity to others who can take this role and lead in future, Individual leader has a crucial role for formation, growth and success, in certain situation when individual can take more than one active leadership role in organization(Neil Sutherland, Christopher Land and Steffen Bohm, 2013) .GREAT FOLLOWERSAs leader, it is very important to know about that how to follow and how to lead. some people believe that if you want to become a good leader then you must be a good follower.Some characteristic about good followerWell finisher- Good followers always concentrate on their task and complete their task according to preplanned.Clear vision-they understand their power and position and it is equally important to understand their role as a leader.Loyalty-Good followers always try to avoid telling bad things about their boss/leader in public. It does not means that they are completely agree with their boss/leader but only do not want to do things in public because to influence the public it is needed to become public loyal.Good followers are obedient enough and humble.Awareness of surrounding Good follower is well aware of surrounding situations and people. They always try to learn about people behavior and their thinking and how they affect in his work and what is overtaking wrong and then make changes according to demands.Own thinking-To becomes a good follow er, you are able to think on your own and decide what is right and what is wrong. Good followers always take side to leader and support them when they are doing right.GREAT LEADER AS A GOOD FOLLOWERMany qualities are same between leaders and followers. A great leader follows the same trait as followers do but change their style and do some modification in it. Great leader knows their boundary and limitation very well. Good leadership is the golden key to get best performance. motive to imply your own clear sets of values and belief and also have to make clear vision for all. Develop some creative ideas for the organization to make changes and reach up to desire goal. From this perspective, leaders are always try that people follow the process and in this way leader always think themselves as a follower. There is very important reason to leaders that they have to follow because no one can do it alone and have to create and utilize the energy, ideas and full potential of everyone.Lea dership requires a close study of human behavior. It is the people who are the factors of importance. There are many different points of view about leadership. One belief is that leadership has to be taught while some are of the view that leaders cant be make by teaching or training. In this modern age, new leaders are coming but most of them fail to cultivate their inner strength, ability to guide the people, to lead the people. There are three basic steps which are followed mostly in the process of training. Information is the first step, gets from simple recitation and continuous study which then converted into knowledge. Wisdom is the transformation of knowledge. Trained person has to be able to transfer the knowledge into the practice. As a end point of training, one should become more self-confident. On receiving training, knowledgeable person becomes capable of taking his own decisions and at this stage person visualizes the truth-real understanding. There are a few(prenom inal) requirements to reach to the truth, in ascending direction that are desire to learn, listening to the teacher, learning, retention, understanding, reflection, rejection of false views and truth.Human relationship gains the most attraction for a leader for the unambiguous reasons that the leader leads people. For any business, workforce is the basic requirement and for accomplishment leader has to understand people. Common logic reason behind the successful leader is the victimization of proper appreciation human nature. For this, one should have enough confidence and has to explain to other members about task and targets and how that can be accomplished. Leader should also explain the subordinates about their position and also impact of success or failure on the ultimate goal. If the goal achieved, that is a success of team not a success of leader alone. The leader has to do the required morale boosting apart from handling the work and must to be in touch with his people. It is necessary to show adequate interest in their personal problems. It is better for his people must perceive as their leader becomes the real guardian of their interests. This is necessity to do this as it helps to maintain respective distance from the people. This concept of distant has been mostly appreciated and understood by successful leader.Thus, taking an overall view, the leader has to be a dynamic person and should have capability to turn the adversity in his favors and to gain this. The leader must have the capacity to concentrate and focus attention on the goal with an aptitude to take timely decisions and have to be sincere in his dealing. He has to show his faithfulness and loyalty towards his legation and the people and should possess a fair knowledge of his job and profession.FADS AND FASHIONThis broad category can be described as a type of collective behavior that is followed by people for period of time. It follows particular pattern. First is mothered and then g rows slowly and one time it reaches up to its peak level and remains some time and then gradually decline and disappear. For example In late 1950s, hula hoop craze occurred in United States.Fads and fashion in management is very confusing and ongoing debate to discuss in recent years because many rhetorical strategies affects them and shape the management and also have long lasting effect, while fashions are developed by the heterogeneous group of actors but doing this, some gaps and weakness may result (Sue Newell, Maxine Robertson and Jacky Swan, 2001).It is important to know the role of fads and fashions in innovations and its diffusion because these two perspectives may benefit organization and helps to evolve efficient innovation by process of adopting and rejecting multiple fads and fashions (Eric Abrahamson, 1991). It may harm the organization by facilitating the inefficient administrative technology and adversely affect the economic performance of organization by doing promp t rejection of administrative technologies comparable job enrichment, strategic planning units (Eric Abrahamson, 1991). According to Abrahamson, fashion perspective is important because it disseminates new goals as beliefs to the innovations and help to settle down new organizational goals and bankers acceptance of innovation (Eric Abrahamson, 1991).Fads and fashion has taken over many leadership positions corresponding managers, boards members, etc. in organization and they are changing with time (Carl V. Rabstejnek). Fashionable ideas are helpful to filter good thing which can be incorporated into healthy business practices. The bandwagon effect helps to understand why the fads so popular (Carl V. Rabstejnek). In current trade there are lots of things that helping in marketing like newspapers, magazines, journals as a mass media television, social networking sites like face book, twitter (Carl V. Rabstejnek). Academic journals, business schools, organizations all follows the cu rrent trade in market (Carl V. Rabstejnek).CONCLUSIONThe foregoing discussion shows that training trough today is one of the most important function as it is has potential for leading towards the excellence. Human resource development is directly affected by this.Characteristics like honesty, decisiveness, positive attitude, trustworthy, loyalty, clear vision, self-assessment, confidence etc. may be found naturally present in person but can also develop and strengthen it with time and training because these are the foundation of great leadership. To become a great leader they should possesses such characteristic but to become successful, they have to follow latest fashions and fads in market and take decision accordingly.REFERENCESSue Newell, Maxine Robertson and Jacky Swan, 2001 Management Fads and Fashions DOI 10.1177/135050840181001Eric Abrahamson, 1991Managerial fads and fashions The diffusion and rejection and innovations Voi. 16, No. 3, 586-612Carl V. Rabstejnek, Management f ads and fashions Leading and say Companies by Popular Codified MethodsNeil Sutherland, Christopher Land and Steffen Bohm, 2013 Anti-leaders (hip) in Social Movement Organizations The case of autonomous grassroots groups DOI 10.1177/1350508413480254Brigid Carroll and Lester Levy, 2008 Defaulting to Management Leadership Defined By What It Is Not Volume 15(1) 7596

SWOT and PESTEL Analysis of Seafood Restaurant

organize and PESTEL Analysis of Seafood eating houseSUMMARYJack Sprat is the owner of seafood restaurant in a coastal town. He is 60 socio-economic class old and doctor has advised him to take rest so he had appointed a charabanc to look after the telephone circuit operation and he use to come to see the short letter once in a week. But once he handed over the communication channel to the manager his military controller is non doing well and there is continuous declining in the business.So in order to find touch on owner has been approached to the author to analyse the case and suggest as what should be do to bring back the business of the restaurant.Author has analysed the business with the tools of business (case) analysis-SWOT, and mash and further pecuniary data has to a fault been taken into consideration to find out the declining trend and come to a shutdown as why business is going down.In order to evaluate the business operation and put the findings in the repo rt author has done extensive research-secondary research and analysed the case with his blue-chip suggestions.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthor would like to convey his gratitude to those entire people who helped him to enhance his understanding of the case and analyzed the situation so that a valid conclusion of the case can be drawn. Author has completed this case victorfully and has been presenting his findings with suggestion in this report. So author would like to thanks to the Module give lessons for kind support and guidance.INTRODUCTIONJack Sprat is 63 year old owner of 60 seat licensed seafood restaurant that is situated in a costal town. in the beginning starting this business Jack was simply a Manager at a local Bluebeckers Restaurant. But an inheritance left(p) this restaurant to him. Since the bluffing of this restaurant business it has given very good return.The belief of Jack towards success f this business is the Maintenance of high standards in fod production and presentat ion. Other fact is Menu and beverage inclination of an orbit has been fairly constant since beginning of this restaurant. Jack did not change menu and beverage list because business was giving modest return since beginning.But jack is not regular to the restaurant and he has appointed a Manager to manage the business operation and he use to come to the restaurant to see the business operation once in a week. This is because at this age (63) he has been scurvy from health problem and his doctor has advised him to take rest. But business of this restaurant has asleep(p) down as soon as it was handed over to the manager. Absenteeism of the staff has been change magnitude.Keeping in mind the remedy of the situation author has established aim and objectives of this report, here are the aim and objectives written in tinyAim of this report is to find remedy of the existing problem or discrepancies of the restaurant and give valuable suggestions to overcome from these problems so that business can be put on its old pattern-profitable.Objectives areFinding most weighty problemsIdentification of further information that would be helpful in making virtual(prenominal) ends for the future of the businessTo list the prioritiesDrawing an action PlanThe structure of this report is as follows First of totally main body has been presented wherein SWOT, PEST, and different flesh out analysis has been done. Then conclusion has been drawn and bibliography (list of references) has been given followed by appendix section where additional informations has been provided.MAIN SECTIONAim and objective No.1 Finding authoritative problemsBefore providing solution of whateverthing one has to find the problems first. So to find problem related to any business it is very first step to conduct SWOT analysis and PEST or PESTLE analysis.Before going for the SWOT analysis of the business concerned it is important to understand SWOT first. SWOT compend is the detailed search and list ing of factors from situational analysis that might or forget impact the businesss strategy. Strategic market placeing is based on the SWOT analysis. The process by which SWOT factors are derived is to carefully review the intimate analysis for strengths and weaknesses, and the environmental analysis for opportunities and threats, and to thusly record. (Reich, Z.A, 1997)According to (Morrison, J 2002) The SWOT analysis is a unremarkably used planning tool, which assesses the firms strategic profile in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Focusing on both internal and international environments, it serves to highlight a firms distinctive competences, which will enable it to gain competitive advantage.Based on the above information from the scholars it is true that business environment can be divided into two part-internal and external environments. Internal environment consists of all factors that is internal part of the business. These internal facto rs are within the control of the business. Strength and Weaknesses of the business can be found in the internal environment of the business. External factors are those factors which are not within the control of the business and to be into existence business houses has to change in their internal policy and adjust itself to cope with the external environment factors. Opportunities and Threats are the factors that are part of external environment of a business.SWOT Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat Analysis of Seafood Restaurant Business of Jack SpratSTRENGTHSWEAKNESSESEarlier this business was profitableIt is established organizationMaintaining high standard in food and presentationStaffs are acquainted(predicate) with their workCustomers feel that restaurant is conveniently placed and charges reasonable priceOwner is not able to give full time attention to the businessManager is less empowered-as he feels less scope has been given to him for the development of this bus inessNumber of staff has been increased-which is extra burden on payroll expenses of the business.No refurbishment done properly yearlyMaintenance and Hygiene problemInsufficient fund/ resources for spending on maintenance and HygieneMenu pickaxe is stale and boringImproper management of food due to lack of proper forecasting of guests.OPPORTUNITIESTHREATSRestaurant is old so having established market market Image is good- reasonable price and consistent standardDilution of market share due to inability to refurbishmentEnvironment Health officer whitethorn not be informal in future and there will be time when formal notice will be issued.PEST ANALYSISBefore analyzing PEST or PESTLE factors from a business point of view it is important to understand these factors (Political, Economical, Socio cultural, scientific and Legal).A PEST analysis is an analysis of an external macro environment that affects all firms. Such external factors usually are beyond the firms control and sometime s present themselves as threats. For this reason, some recite that fellow is an appropriate term for these factors. However changes in the external environment also create new opportunities and letters sometimes are rearranged to construct the more bullish terms of STEP ANALYSIS. Many macro environmental factors are country specific and the pest analysis will need to be a performed for all countries of interest.Political FactorsTax policyEmployment lawsEnvironmental regulationsTrade restrictions and tariffsPolitical stabilityEconomic FactorsEconomic growthInterest rateExchange ratesInflation rateSocial FactorsHealth consciousnessPopulation growth rateAge distributionCareer attitudesEmphasis on safetyTechnological FactorsRD activityAutomationTechnology incentivesRate of technological changewww.netmba.com/strategy/pest/ Accessed on 2/01/2011Aim and objective No.2 Identification of further information that would be helpful in making realistic plans for the future of the businessInfo rmation involve towards market variance-target marketInformation to the case is very important to analyze any business health or problem. It is equally important like medical tests are important for human body for remedy of any kind of complain of a patient.There are other tests or scanning is needed for business analysis. Market divider is one of them. Market segmentation market consists of buyers differ in one or more ways. They may differ in their wants, resources, locations, buying attitudes and buying practices. Because buyers bring on unique needs and wants, each buyer is potentially a separate market. Ideally, then a seller might design a separate marketing program for each buyer. For case a caterer can customize the menu, entertainment, and the setting to meet the needs of specific clients. However, most companies are unable to offer complete segmentation. The cost of complete segmentation is high and most customers cannot afford completely customized products. Compani es therefore, look for broad class of buyers who differ in their product needs or buying responses. The restaurant labor offers many examples of segmentation by a variety of variables. (kotler,p 2004)The reason behind knowledge of market segmentation is needed because until unless its not known that which segment is existence targeted by the organization concerned (in this case Restaurant of Jack Sprat), it would be very difficult to compare the strength of that segment for the business. In this case its not given in the case so its important to analyse this business from its segment point of view.Information Needed for competitor analysisTo get success of the business its needed to deal with customers, suppliers, employees, and others. In almost all cases there will also be other organizations offering similar products to similar customers. These other organizations are competitors. Objective of the other organizations is the same as yours to grow, make money and succeed. Effect ively, the businesses are at war fighting to gain the same resource and ground the customer. And like in war, it is necessary to understand the enemy How he thinks What his strengths are What his weaknesses are Where he can be attacked Where the risk of attack is too capital.. And so on. And like in war, the competitor will have secrets that can be the difference between profit and loss, expansion or bankruptcy for the business. Identifying these secrets is and then crucial for business survival. (http//dspace.dial.pipex.com) accessed on 2/01/2011Other information needed is about its competitors. Information of competitors is very important to know the business of competitors and further business concerned can be compared with the competitors. So competitor analysis is very important.Aim and objective No.3 To list the prioritiesFirst of all instant action should be taken to solve Hygiene problem.Proper forecasting of guests so that underproduction and overproduction both can be kept under controlExtra men has to be reduced so that there will be less burden on payroll costChoice of menu has to be increasedManager should be empowered or can be changed (as information is not given properly and in detailed so it is impossible to say to change)Somehow owner has to be in touch even over the phone to monitor the business operation and if possible frequency to visit may be increased.Local bank should be approached for short term loan for the refurbishment activities.Aim and objective No.4 Drawing an Action PlanAction plan is a process that includes assessments of own strengths, available resources and market opportunities. There must be idea about marketing objective of the organization concerned then a plan can be prepared and further implemented to achieve the determined objective. In other words these informations are basic and needed at very first step towards making action planMarket and trading environment of the business concernedDecision about market busi ness is targeting toKnowledge about differentiation or advantage of uniqueness of own product and servicesDeciding marketing mixEstimation of investment company etc.ACTION PLANPRODUCT Option in Menu list will be givenPRICING May charge little higher than what has been chargingPROMOTION There is need to promote the product and create awareness to remove the negative image of the organization. So it can be done through normal aids of advertisement-News papers or T.V Channels. Through T.V Channels it may little costly affair in that point of view day by day is better.Other Actions to be takenIt could have opened even on Sunday to attract customers want to utilize their holidays. So it will be open all 7 days.Fund should be managed instantly- It can be done by approaching Commercial Banks for short term loans.Refurbishment will have to be done as soon as loan is approved.Employees have to be re-motivated so that absenteeism of staff can be kept under control. taxation (SALES) POINT OF affectFood sales has been increased in 2007-8 by 4.3% compared to 2006-7, and it gone down in the pecuniary year 2008-9 by 3.95% compared to 2007-8 sales of food. liquor Sales has been increased in 2007-8 by 5.97% compared to 2006-7 and further it increase by 15.59% in the year 2008-9 compared to 2007-8.Overall Total Sales has been increasing in the financial year by 4.67% in the financial year 2007-8 compared to 2006-7, and further increased by 6.57% in the financial year 2008-9 compared to 2007-8.DIRECT COST POINT OF VIEWIn the financial year 2006-7 food cost was 42.05% of its sales and in 2007-8 it became little favorable by going down to 41.16% of its sales figure and in the year 2008-9 in again gone up to 43.63%Direct cost of Liquor is 59.72% of its sales in the financial year 2006-7, and 57.70% in 2007-8 and further 57.91% in 2008-9. So its favorable as its in declining trend.Total direct cost is 54.01%, 55.11% and 52.88% in the financial year 2006-7, 7-8, and 2008-9 res pectively which also seems favorable because in 7-8 it gone little up but again it gone down by good margin-around 2 to 3%GROSS PROFIT POINT OF VIEW double-dyed(a) profit of food is 57.95%, 58.84% and 56.37% in the financial year 2006-7, 7-8, 8-9. This shows increase in 7-8 and further decline in 8-9.Gross profit of Liquor is 40.28%, 42.30% and 42.09% in the financial year 6-7, 7-8, and 2008-9 respectively. Overall it is in favorable trend.Gross profit in the financial year 2006-7 is 54.01%, 55.11% in 2007-8 and 52.88% in 2008-9 which seems declining trend. In the year 2007-8 it gone up but in 208-9 it came down. This is because there was declining of sales of food in the financial year 2008-9 by 3.95%, otherwise sale of liquor in this financial year was good and direct costs were also behaving favorably.INDIRECT EXPENSES POINT OF VIEWThere are three percentage of indirect expenses-labour, overheads and operating expenses and maintenance expenses. come up spent in labour is in inc reasing order i.e., 29.76%, 31.51% and 33.21% in the year 6-7, 7-8, and 2008-9 respectively. This shows restaurant is spending more % every year in its staffing.Overheads and operate expenses seems within control as its 8.78%, 7.21% and 8.36% in the year 2006-7, 2007-8, and 2008-9 respectively.Maintenance expenses is 1.61% of sales in the financial year 2006-7, 1.40% in the financial year 2007-8 and 0.91% of sales of financial year 2008-9. This shows that organization is spending very less on maintenance expenses.Overall total indirect expenses is 40.15% of its sales in the financial year 2006-7, 40.12% in 2007-08 and gone up in the financial year 2008-9 to 42.48%NET PROFIT POINT OF VIEW remuneration profit is 13.86%, 14.99% and 10.40% in the financial years 2006-7, 7-8, and 8-9 respectively. This shows that Net profit has going down, and in the financial year its gone down with huge gap compared to previous years percentage.Overall its a matter of discourse and management should pay attention to the indirect costs as percentage of indirect cost is very high. As gross profit is in 50% so almost 40% of sales are being spent for indirect expenses. Although management is not spending much in maintenance component of indirect expenses but other components i.e., overhead and operating expense, and payroll expenses are very high that is the reason Net profit of the restaurant is not attractive. remainderAuthor has analysed the case of Jack Sprats restaurant and found that major problem is its hygiene and maintenance and indirect expenses. These two of the factors has to be kept under control and converted into favorable mode only then this organization can earn profit like previous time.There are other areas also that needs attention i.e., arrangement of fund, manpower management, empowering manager etc.BIBLIOGRAPHYBritton, C and Worthington. I (2003) The business environment, 4th Edition, UKPrentice hall.Hooley.G(2004) Marketing strategy and competitive positioni ng, tertiary edition UK Prentice HallKotler, P. (2004) marketing for hospitality and tourism, 3rd Edition, DelhiPersonLuck.D and Rubin, S.R (1996) Marketing Research,7th Edition, USAPrentice hallMorrison, J (2002) the international business environment, initiative Edition, New York Pal grave.Reich, Z.A (1997) Marketing Management for the hospitality Industry,1st Edition, Wiley and sons Canada.Wearne.N (2001) Hospitality Management, 1st Edition, New Delhi Globalwww.netmba.com/strategy/pest/ Accessed on 2/01/2011http//dspace.dial.pipex.com) Accessed on 2/01/2011

Scarcity and the Unlimited Wants of Mankind

Scarcity and the Unlimited Wants of MankindIntroductionIn my view, economic is a paper of the how the society uses the scarcity of imaginativeness to satisfy the ask and involves of batch. Different well-known economists brace different interpretations of the economic countryment. So, economics is non a specific dress and explanation, It is made of various well-known economists to identify the definition and awargonness of economic. As we know that, economics is very primary(prenominal) to a country, not only country, it in like manner important to people.BodyEconomics is the study of options, their scarcity and the unlimited wants of mankind. From this sentence, it was talking about economics is the study of resources, the resources are categories by 4 type of resources. Firstly, the resource of land, the land not only represents a piece of land in a country the land is containing all the natural resources such(prenominal) as trees, mineral, rivers and and so on Secondl y, the resource of toil, the resource of labour is mean that consists of the physical and mental abilities of a worker. The worker able to work according to the job responsibility and job routine, for object littleon of the worker, is engineer, supervisor, manager and so on. Thirdly, the resource of capital, capital refers to goods posed in an economy that are utilise to produce former(a) goods and services. For example, machines, tools, vehicle and so on. Lastly, entrepreneur, the entrepreneur is mean a person who has to organize resources for production, has an opinion and able to introduce revolutionary product or techniques of production. Other than this, the person arrive ats the rewards and bears the risks of such endeavours. An entrepreneurs purpose is bringing innovation and risk-taking. on that point are 3 basic economic issues which is what goods to produce and in what quantities, how to produce them and for whom to produce them? In these 3 basic economic issues, it will cause the finis making to become many changes as the scarce resources. Besides that, it also will cause the demand changes in the market, it maybe affects the quantities of using the scarcity of resources. In this case, we may choose the well-nigh appropriate, efficient, and outmatch option in ordinance to overcome these 3 basic economic issues. Because it can help the producer or manufacturer to make a decision which goods and service to consume and utilize by effective using the scarcity resource.From this situation, the hazard cost will occur. What is an opportunity cost? Opportunity cost is mean that the cost of an item measured in terms of alternatives forgone. For example, a fiscal manager who is living in Johor state and he/she on the job(p) in Singapore and earn 2500 dollars by the month but he/she need to pay for the bus fees in 300 dollars and contract a long time for Johor state to Singapore. Besides that, he/she able to work in Johor state as a financial m anager too. The net by a month is RM 3500 and the company provides transportation, and take a very short time for travel from the company to his/her home. In this situation, the financial manager needs to make a decision in order to make self as convenience as possible and calculate the scoop reward include the transport fees, so he/she need to foregone one job to satisfy his/her desire. From this, the opportunity cost was related between scare of resource, so a company, firm or organization need to choose the best option to develop.Different economists declare different terms, view and statement to describe and delimit the economics. The most appropriate definition is that by Lionel Robbins who defined economics as The science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce direction which have alternative uses. Lionel Robbins as a British famous economist was defined economics as the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends an d scarce means which have alternative uses. In these phrases, there are few basic propositions emphasized in Lionel Robbinss definition as follows.Firstly, in this phrase, we talk about what actually meaning of human behaviour. Human behaviour in this phrase is meant that the human has unlimited human wants, even consumer. fundamentally human is spirit for almostthing in needs and wants to full fill their demand and able to reach their satisfaction even same as the consumer are looking for good quality of products and efficiency services. However, humans satisfaction is not fixed such as high demanding or easily satisfies, this also same as a consumer because consumer also has different satisfaction in products and services due to they are post-purchase.On the other hand, human is always insatiability in their need. The needs have to be satisfied for the life and the wants have to satisfy in order to live comfortably. Besides that, Human is also never feel satisfied as they have s omething they still want to get something that is better than the things they have. For example, previously we just need phones that can help us call each other, afterwardwards, we start to want some music in our phones, hence the radio and mp3, afterwards people have more needs, we want to be able to watch telecastings, internet, make video calls and so on. Limitless needs and wants make resources scarce and difficult to sustain. Therefore, needs are never-ending by the human and human was never stop working or keep hard work to earn money in order to satisfaction of their needs.Next, when human faced many options of wants, they need to choose the best one of the wants in order to achieve their satisfaction based on their limited resource. Based on the Lionel Robbinss theory, it talks about all wants are not same important, some are more important and some are less important, so we have to consider by well which wants is most important and arrange the wants we have by most import ant to less important. Then we choose the most important one to first and delaying the other wants.There are 4 basic resources which are land, labour, capital and entrepreneur. Sometimes these four resources will be scarcity it may cause the demand to exceed the supply. So, in order to avoid this situation occur, the decision making must be made by rational. First, lands are being inefficiency in the world, so that the people must be plan out the most effective method for using the limited land. For example, Singapore is a modern country nowadays, Singapore has fast development such as modern building, modern transportation and so on. In order to develop, it needs a large of space of land. Singapore is a country which is delicate and a narrow, in order to let more people living in Singapore so that, the government construct the high building to the people for live and builds more high building for other uses, thus the lack of land resource problem solved. Of course, the problem has been solved, but it spends much of funds to get under ones skin up the defect, so it will cause Singapore to forego some projects and plans.Secondly, we talk about the labour, labour is referred that employee and workers which is willing to work and have the ability to work. drive is a very important one in the 4 resources too, if a company lack of labour, which will cause many problems such as less production, the whole operation might be slowed down and so on. For example, a mill was facing less of labour, it caused the production is going slowing down and the incase department was slow operation too. In order to solve the problem, the pulverization itself has to increase the salary to attract more people to come in the manu grinder to work. Besides that, the manufactory also needs to grease ones palms the machine to replace the human resource. So that, the manufactory itself will be more efficiency in production, packaging and so on. Although the problem was solved, the ne t profit of the manufactory will decrease because of spending the income to the worker, it may cause the manufactory itself may foregone some plan or project such as expand the manufactory scale and development of branches.Thirdly, we talk about the resource of capital. Capital is the items that a manufactory or a company using to produce goods and services such as machines, tools and vehicles. In other hand capital also refers to the real realm of a company or manufactory. Furthermore, a resource of capital is a very close relationship between resource of labour, it is because the capital needs labour to control or use. Resource of capital is quite important to a manufactory, firms, company and so on, it is because they using the resource of capital to serve the customer in order to earn a profit. Resource of capital is a resource which is tangible and intangible, so for the tangible capital resource will going to adulteration because of the flow over time. So, some manufacturing factory or firms will renew update and be bribeing new capital to replace the old capital. For, example, a new manufacturing factory is full of the capital resource but lack of the technical staff and the capital resource within the new manufactory is used for mass production. In order to fulfil the capital resource being to control, the manufactorys labour resource manager has to hire the workers which able to control the capital to produce the product in the manufactory. If it hired the technical staff successfully, the lack of control of capital is been solved, but the manufactory are spent much of money in the salary to the workers. In this case, the headquarter has to consider by rational to make a decision as able to supply the product to the demand of the consumer as concord as possible. In order to complete the production, they have to forgo some plans and program such as establish more branches in other areas, buy over the supplier and so on, it is because the new manufa ctory is spending much of money in the salary of the workers. So, it takes time to earn back the money and the other plans and program will be postponed.The last resource is the entrepreneur an entrepreneur is a person who has the ability to organise resources for production and has the ability to introduce new products and services. The entrepreneur also has the ability to bring the innovation of the products and services, the entrepreneur also receives the reward and bears the risks. In economy, scarcity of resource will occur and not excluded entrepreneur. wherefore will the entrepreneur be scarcity? That was being many factors to cause it. For example, Sabah state was a second largest area of the state in Malaysia these states are be living most poverty people, so the people unable to study in school and unable to enter a higher school because of financial problems.As an entrepreneur, besides having an education background and creativity of idea it also need the resources to pr oduce goods and services such as land, capital, and labour resource. For example, an entrepreneur has idea to produce the product which is cloth, it needs workers, machine and place to produce this product, but the entrepreneur does not have enough too much of funds to buy over the factory and the entrepreneur only have funds to buy the machinery and able to hire some workers to work. So the entrepreneur just has to rent the factory to produce the product. In this case, the entrepreneur have to choose the best way to satisfy his/her wants if the entrepreneur spends the funds to buy over the factory it does not have enough to buy machinery and hire workers. In this scenario, the entrepreneur has to foregone to buy over the factory, so the entrepreneur can produce the product by undertake the factory.ConclusionIn the economy, the land, labour, capital and entrepreneur is very important to a company, manufactory and firms. When the company, manufactory and firms are facing scarcity of the resource, it needs to choose the best wants, arrange the important wants to first and postpone or foregone the less important wants.Furthermore, decision making is also very important. For the opportunity cost, for example, scarce of the resource is happened in a company, the companies headquarter has to choose the best wants in order to develop within some wants. In this case, it has to foregone the other wants. If the company headquarter has had chosen a wants to develop, after a period of time, there are no regret of chosen the wants to develop and no regret do not choose other wants before. So, in this situation, the companys headquarter have to consider by clear and be rational in order to make sure that does not feel regret after the decision is making by over a period of time.In this assignment, I was learning much of knowledge such as Lionel Robbinss theory and gain some useful information by doing internet research. Besides that, I also had an understood the 4 resource s such as land, labour, capital and entrepreneur.

The Role of Action in the Development of Ethical Certainties :: Psychology Psychological Essays

The Role of Action in the Development of Ethical CertaintiesIn any conscient human action it is incessantly given a motive which leads us to act with maven orientation instead of another. This is what, in a certain sense, allows us to say that we choose what we indispensableness or what fulfils our expectations in terms of the limits of the given circumstances. There is al trends the search for a benefit related to what we consider preferable, and this is so called delimited by what it signifies for us. In the end, it has an origin that supports our elections, and give the basis to have reasons for justifying these elections. This line of reflection has to be of use not only to understand the meaning of our actions in order to see our current necessities, but it can also help to clarify the scope and content of the ethical discourse. That is, we orient our behavior on the basis of certain convictions we homecoming for granted, which, in principle, we cannot ignore if maybe we wa nt to make decisions showing our ethical preferences.An exhaustive analysis of our behavior will have as a solvent a final point beyond which we cannot go. In a certain sense, we can give reasons for any of our acts, that is, we can justify wherefore we act that way instead of another we can explain the motives which, from the ethical point of view, lead us to orient our decisions in one sense or another. Nevertheless, if the analysis is hard enough, we will reach some propositions the justification of which will not be possible rather, they are the foundations for any justification. To justify a decision means that one has reasons to specify why he/she did so. Why he/she preferred doing this instead of any other possibility.The end we reach in the analysis of our behavior is a sort of rocky floor beyond which it is senseless going on. This rocky floor is the basic certainties on which our conduct is structured and grounded. Then, we could ask ourselves about why we call them cer tainties. It is obvious that to act we need to assume or take for granted something to depart from. Their central character resides precisely in that we cannot negate such certainties we assume, given the peculiar relation of them with the rest of our behavior.

Social Interface :: science

Social InterfaceIn the introduction of the book of Norman Long, Battlefields of Knowledge, Long states that theoretical and the screening itself cannot be segregated into their respective venues. His book takes a different perspective specifically by not discriminating between the intimacy of understanding and knowledge of action. Longs book assumes that the theoretical and the pragmatic issues are so intimately entwined that it would be like separating melted ice from your coke. Long stresses that we must carry on an actor-oriented approach where we can base new types of theorization and methodologies. The proposed model suggests that a theoretical technique be developed to take into account the actions of the actors and be able to construe them clearly. It also should show how different analyses work themselves out through accommodation and negotiation. By this method, we concentrate on the performer and recognize the nonuple realities and diverse social practices of a variety of actors. The interaction between diverse social interests encourages social change and is essential when it sleep togethers to understanding development edgees. The intersection where we view different social organization mixing with one another negotiating is called the interface. The interface is where the social systems interacts in their own worlds and where the different actors see their own realities and work on how to achieve certain goals they may have set for themselves or goals that the society they are in have been set for them. For this paper, I will attempt to process the relation of a medicine addict under going rehab with his/her therapist through our actor oriented approach and hopefully something intelligent will come out. As stated above, the actors are the physician and the patient. It can be noted that such a small group may not produce frequently of a social change but from trivial matters arise serious obstacles. We may use this interface as to how our s ociety views such a problem and tries to resolve it. Drug addiction in our country has recently become a growing concern for our citizen. Designer drugs have entered our country from illegal drug exporting countries like China or Thailand. And instead of enticing the usual mid-thirties demographic, these pushers peddle their merchandize to young teenagers ranging from twelve to twenty, most of them still easily influenced by their peers. In order to counter this new scourge that our society faces, we have set up rehabilitation centers or detoxification centers for the addicted ones.