My Own Education Beyond Class Time And Requirements Essay

1. How do you proactively engage in your own education beyond class time and requirements? If this has not been part of your practice so far, explain why you want to be involved in this major when this is going to be asked of you. I use my spare time drawing and looking at examples of artists or more specifically in my case cartoonist and graphic novelist. I look at their works as references and think things like â€Å"How did they do that?† or â€Å"How could I incorporate it into my own work. I also look at my own work and try to think of ways to improve them and learn from them. 2. Aside from skill sets, what kind of information do you seek from 4 dedicated years of your life in an art major? I wish to get information about myself as an artist. Basically I wish to explore my artistic side to its fullest potential and discover more things about myself. 3. How do you integrate feedback and revise your artwork? If this has not been part of your practice so far, explain why you want to be involved in this major when this is going to be asked of you. I believe that criticism is the concrete that makes the path of an artist. I am willing to listen to what others may have to say about my artwork, and it is by listening to their input that have gone over my own work and have tried to revise it to incorporate the suggestion from my peers and/or my teachers at the time. While at the end of the day it is my choice to revisit my old work and make any changes or to put the suggestionsShow MoreRelatedPersonal Mission Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesSpecial Education Foundations and Framework July 28, 2011 Personal Mission Each person has their own idea or thoughts on things. You may think that it is silly to live in the country so far from the city while I may think it is silly to live in crowded city. The same goes for perspective educators; each individual has their own opinion of what it is going to be like to become a teacher and what their classroom is going to be like before they have completed their first educational class. AsRead MoreProgressivism And Social Reconstruction : Education Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pages Philosophy of Education Paper Throughout this class I have been presented with many controversial issues going on in the education system today. I have never truly thought about them in such a way that impacted my philosophy of Education. Whether it be the school reforms, the types of schools, laws passed, etc. I was able to evaluate the importance of education in a brighter light than ever before. My philosophy for education includes instruction for life skills, social behavior, and one’sRead MoreEssay For Mcla939 Words   |  4 Pageswriting to appeal my recent academic dismissal from MCLA with a heavy heart. I would like your deepest consideration on reinstating me for the winter 2018 semester. I strongly desire to be a proud graduate of the MCLA Education program that I was accepted into last summer. After analyzing my circumstances, and looking beyond my own disappointment for mode of what went wrong, I offer the MCLA graduate academic team the following: First, my intent is not to make excuses for my performance from theRead MoreCollege Debt : Is It Beyond Education Toward Future Financial Security?950 Words   |  4 Pagesdetermination for a college degree lies beyond education towards future financial security. While college debt seems to be ever increasing, students from low-income families are less likely to attend college due to the financial hardship. The social class that a student’s family falls into shows correlation on whether that student will or not attend college (Peske Haycock, 2006). However, looking at this issue from my own prospective it seems as though no matter the social class students are attending collegeRead MoreStatement of Purpose for Computer Science635 Words   |  3 Pages My inclination to see logic helped me code right from high school. I still remember the â€Å"Computer Applications† course that I took, where despite learning very basic Java, I could write snippet programs. I was fascinated with loops and arrays and was surprised how easily I could learn to apply logic and get the required output. An undergraduate program in Information Science and Engineering gave me the exposure to core concepts of programming and hands on experience across categories like –utilityRead MorePetition To Waive Eng 13011004 Words   |  5 PagesMathematics Requirement† Questions 1. How would you vote on this issue? Should this student be exempted from the math requirement? Write out the reasons for your decision. After reading, annotating, and analyzing the following article, â€Å"Petition to Waive the University mathematics Requirement†, I concluded to say No to his request. I don’t think that Mr. Adams should be exempted from taking the math requirements because of several reasons. First, his arguments presents that the college drops a class thatRead MoreEvaluation Essay800 Words   |  3 PagesEvaluation Essay If you are looking for a class to meet both a general education and a diversity requirement class I’d recommend taking Sociology 268. The class, Race and Ethnicity, is an introduction course taught by Professor Kristina Cantin. I am going to evaluate this professor based off of five criteria: subject knowledge and passion; setting high standards and clear classroom objectives; ability to create a sense of community within the class; professor accessibility; and mutual respectRead MoreWhat Motivates You Pursue A Master s Degree For Social Work At This Time?1716 Words   |  7 Pagesmaster’s degree in social work at this time? At this point in my life I am eager to continue my education in the hopes of mastering my purpose of helping others. I realize that by way of consequence of difference, the intersectionality of many factors of an individual’s life can lead to negative experiences and this is an aspect of society I hope to change. Also, my dream of opening my own psychology office would not be possible without furthering my education. This degree will allow me to counselRead MoreCareer Essay : I Am A Nurse936 Words   |  4 PagesBriana McGee Career Essay Dr. Lawson November 17, 2014 Career Essay Before I reached college, I had my mind made up on being a nurse. Being a nurse was something I constantly talked about and I could not wait to pursue that dream. However, once I got to college and realized how hard becoming a nurse would be for me, I began to have second thoughts. I have always been a nurturing and caring person towards kids. For me, it seemed like being around kids made me the happiest person in the world. ThisRead MoreThe Decision Of My Academic Suspension966 Words   |  4 Pagesappeal the decision of my academic suspension. When I received the news of my suspension I was deeply saddened, but understood completely the circumstances under which the decision was made. My low GPA failed to meet the requirements of the University to remain an active student on campus, which as a result led to my temporary dismissal. In the beginning of my freshman year, I was very excited about coming to Howard University because I had fell in love with the school. Into my first ye ar I took on

International Adoption - 1992 Words

Running head: INTERNATIONAL AND INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTION International and Intercountry Adoption The University of Akron International and Intercountry Adoption The birth of a child represents a milestone in the life of families. For those who are not able to conceive a child by natural means, adoption often comes as an alternative and rewarding way to build a family and fulfill individuals’ desire to experience parenthood. Whether for biological or personal reasons, many have taken the path to adoption despite the fact that they are able to have their own biological child. Others have taken this remarkable road based on values or altruism. Whatever the reason, family dynamics change with the arrival of a child and counseling poses†¦show more content†¦At times families wish to adopt from the country of the family’s own ethnic origin, or they may be familiar with others who have successfully adopted overseas. The research also suggests that the major reason families choose to adopt international is the manner in which most international adoptions are conducted; a process that minimizes the threat that a child could be offered to potential parents and then withdrawn. International birth parents transfer their parental rights to a third-party adoption agency or orphanage before the adoptive parents get involved in the process. This may not be the case with domestic adoptions, mainly when a child is expected, but not yet born. Birth parents may change their minds about adopting out their child during the period before the adoption is finalized (Fain, n.d., http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Pros-And-Cons-Of-International-Adoptionamp;id=533106). Thus, one can conclude that this can be a terrifying prospect for would-be-parents to contemplate, and adoptive parents who wish to reduce this possibility may prefer international adoption or may otherwise work only to identify candidate children who have already been placed in an orphanage or foster program. In addition, some adoptive parents find that international restrictions on who may adopt (with regard to age, finances, etc.) may be less severe, making it more likely theirShow MoreRelatedInternational Adoption Essays1129 Words   |  5 Pagesconditions are worse for orphans overseas, but I still believe that International Adoption should be banned because it cost substantially less to adopt domestically, there are numerous orphans here in America needing a home and family, and its very hard on a child when he or she is asked move to America and have to adapt to a completely different society. One of the many things people don’t realize when they think of international adoption is the cost or debt it could put them in. It is on average doubleRead MoreInternational Adoption Crisis Should Not Be A Viable Adoption1257 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Adoption Crisis The image of an American family has changed dramatically over the last fifty years. American families are no longer modeled after the Cleavers. International adoption has contributed to this changing family view, bringing in children who are not biologically related to their parents and often of a different race. This new American image has helped eliminate race related issues. So, what is the controversy with international adoption? Children are the future of a country;Read MoreAdoption, Domestic And International Adoption Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pageschildren, but what are other options? Adoption gets helpless children out of the foster care system, but having their own child gives them a better connection. Three reasons why parents should adopt is because it helps get kids out of foster care, adopted families have all the same rights as families formed from birth, and adopting a child helps parents start a family if they can’t get pregnant. Although some people think th at having their own child is better, adoption is better because it gives childrenRead MoreInternational Adoption Should Not Be A Viable Adoption Source1233 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Cleavers. International adoption has contributed to this changing family view, bringing in children who are not biologically related to their parents and often of a different race. This new American image has helped to reduce race related issues. Children are the future of a country. If a country is losing their children to international adoption; the county is losing the gifts and talents that are irreplaceable in those children. Intercountry adoption should not be a viable adoption source becauseRead More International Adoption Essay example1739 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Adoption      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When a mission team from south Florida arrived in Camp Haitia, they saw what to them was the most poverty stricken land on earth. Some of the men were literally ill at the sight of the filth in the rivers, on the land, and covering the children. Because Haiti is one of the poorest nations in the world, families do not even have enough to provide for their children, and many of them are left to fend for themselves. The mission team witnessed them bathing in pollutedRead MoreInternational Adoptions Essay670 Words   |  3 PagesINTRODUCTION The number of international adoptions taking place in the United States is steadily increasing. Many people looking to start a family in the United States are turning to international adoptions because the process is easier than adopting within this country. However, many of these adoptive parents are not ready for the challenges of adopting a child from another country. Not only are the adoptive parents and the children at different levels of readiness to attach but the child is forcedRead More International Adoption Essay1791 Words   |  8 PagesThe necessity of adoption in the world is astounding. Currently, there is an estimated 143 million orphans worldwide (Wingert, vol.151). As of 2007, there were 513,000 children living in foster care within the United States alone (Rousseau 21:14). International adoption in the United States was jumpstarted post World War II as a way of helping those children who were left homeless, after war had taken their parents. Although there are th ousands of healthy children awaiting adoption in the United StatesRead MoreEssay on International Adoption5139 Words   |  21 Pagesbuckets of water have been commonplace for centuries. Now, however, as a direct result of the one-child policy, the number of baby girls being abandoned, aborted, or dumped on orphanage steps is unprecedented. Adopting Internationally Adoption is procedure by which people legally assume the role of parents for a person who is not their biological child. Adopted children become full members of their adopted family and have the same legal status as biological children. Although theRead MoreEssay International Adoption1777 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿International Adoption The  necessity  of adoption in the world is astounding. Currently, there is an estimated 143 million orphans worldwide (Wingert, vol.151). As of 2007, there were 513,000 children living in  foster care  within the United States alone (Rousseau 21:14).International adoption  in the United States was jumpstarted post World War II as a way of helping those children who were left homeless, after war had taken their parents. Although there are thousands of healthy  children awaitingRead MoreThe Genesis Of International And Intercontinental Adoption785 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper sees the sights the genesis of international or intercontinental adoption in U.S. martial intercession, predominantly the Korean War and its consequences. Keeping focus on the concealed statistics in Korean adoption research, the prostitute and her biracial kid, this article tends to recast armed camp-town in Southern Korea as the original situate of communal casualty, an essential situation that causes to be biracial children homeless and their respective Korean mothers attenuate mothers

Antennas for Wireless Sensor Networks- Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Provide an Opinion regarding which antenna types will become the Dominant Players in the future of medium- and long-distance Wireless links 2.Compare and contrast the multiplexing techniques CDMA and FDMA in the area of Wireless Networking? Answers: 1.Differences Yagi, horn, cellular antenna Yagi antenna is also known as the Yagi-Uda array is the directional antenna which is often used for the communication whenever the frequency is above 10 MHz. This kind of antenna continues to be popular among the Amateur radio and the Citizen Band radio providers (Ammann John, 2005). It will be utilized at a number of the surface in the installation of the satellite communications techniques (Ammann John, 2005). The antenna offers unidirectional radiation in addition to the response pattern, however it concentrates the radiations and the response. Strengths It has a gain which allow a lower strength of the signal to be received. It has a directivity which enables the interference levels to be minimized. It design of the antenna is able to filter on the signal noise which is coming from the opposite direction (Chieh, Dick, Loui Rockway, 2014). This consequently tends to make Yagis the right choice when you have a high demand application for example the telecommunications. It is significantly simpler to aim the Yagi antenna than a few of the other arrays. There construction causes them to be much simpler to mount on the vertical towers. Weaknesses There is limitation of the bandwidth or the frequency. In case an individuals wants to have a high gain level, the antenna need to be very long. This kind of antenna experiences a degradation for the electrical characteristics as one moves away from the frequency range (Chieh, Dick, Loui Rockway, 2014). Horn antenna This really is an antenna which consist of the flaring metal waveguide which is shaped similar to the horn to direct the radio waves in the beam (Pelletier, Olvera-Hernandez, Watfa Ahmad, 2017). The horn has been utilized extensively especially to the UHF and the microwave frequencies, which is above the 300 MHz. Strengths Impedance matching is very good It has a greater directivity There is narrower beam width There is standing waves which are avoided. Weaknesses The designing of the flare perspective determines on the directivity The flare angle in addition to the length of the flare really should not be very small. Cellular antenna This antenna is utilized in the alignment with the powered signal booster for example the inline amplifier, repeater or even the connected directly to cell phone or maybe other devices which are with the cell adapter cable or even the coax adapter (Chieh, Dick, Loui Rockway, 2014). Strengths There is increased number of the users, due to the targeted nature of the frequencies of the antenna could be reused allowing on the increased on the user number. There is increased bandwidth: the bandwidth which is available increase from the reuse of the frequencies and adaptive arrays (Chiu, Liu, Gao Ying, 2013). Weaknesses It is more expensive, the cellular antenna are very complex, which uses the latest processing technology. There is the issue of location. The location needs to be considered that is optimal operation for the antenna. The antenna which would become dominant in these three would be cellular antenna. The reason for the choice is that there is increased number of users, as a result of the target frequencies and there is increased bandwidth (Chiu, Liu, Gao Ying, 2013). 2. Compare and contrast CDMA and FDMA. Similarities In both of these two techniques of wireless networking they uses the access technology. This is where the users is allowed to access on the single channels via the use of the resource allocation system. The users are able to establish on the communication within the network (Nilsson, 2009). In both there is the sending and receiving of the data which allows the flexible allocation of the resources. Additionally, both of these technologies have been used in the mobile devices application where the FDMA has been the analog version and the CDMA has been the latest technology through use of the 3G technology (Nilsson, 2009). Contrast CDMA is the telecommunication technique that is used in most radio communicating organization in order to access the communicating channels within minimum time whereas in FDMA is the technique which is used in the advanced Mobile Phone (Pelletier, Olvera-Hernandez, Watfa Ahmad, 2017). Additionally, when it comes to the FDMA the technique is used for the analogue mode of transmission, the technique is not effective in the transmission of the digital signal whereas when it comes to CDMA it is digital mode of the transmission which is 3G technology (Waldschmidt, Fugen Wiesbeck, 2002). In the FDMA technique it allows the total available bandwidth to be divided into the various frequencies whereas when it comes to CDMA the users are provided with the communication platform in which each is given the equal bandwidth level that has a similar speed of transmission as well as the same frequency. In the CDMA there is no fixed number of the users as comparison to the FDMA techniques (Pelletie r, Olvera-Hernandez, Watfa Ahmad, 2017). Moreover, the FDMA coordinates the access of the frequencies through the multiple users whereas when it comes to CDMA the access of the frequencies is through single users. The FDMA technology is used in the analog mobile phones whereas the CDMA uses the 3G technology which is used in most of the mobile devices References Ammann, M., John, M. (2005). Optimum design of the printed strip monopole. Chieh, J. C. S., Dick, B., Loui, S., Rockway, J. D. (2014). Development of a Ku-band corrugated conical horn using 3-D print technology. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 13, 201-204. Chiu, C. Y., Liu, X., Gao, F., Ying, Z. (2013, April). Constraints and performances of various antenna types in commercial mobile terminals. In Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2013 7th European Conference on (pp. 894-897). IEEE. Pelletier, G., Olvera-Hernandez, U., Watfa, M., Ahmad, S. (2017). U.S. Patent No. 9,648,657. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Nilsson, M. (2009, May). Directional antennas for wireless sensor networks. In Proc. 9th Scandinavian Workshop on Wireless Adhoc Networks (Adhoc'09). Waldschmidt, C., Fugen, T., Wiesbeck, W. (2002). Spiral and dipole antennas for indoor MIMO-systems. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 1(1), 176-178.

The Yellow Wallpaper Research Paper Example

The Yellow Wallpaper Paper Escaping the jaundiced eye: Foucauldian Panopticism in Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper, is simply just another view of the short story. In this article, John Bak describes how Gilman was isolated during her time of depression. He further implies that Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper to express how she felt when she went though this postpartum depression and how her husband and Dr. Mitchell kept her locked in this room all day as they assumed this was the best cure for her disease. Bak compares this room to the eighteenth-century Panopticon after Jeremy Bentham. Bak says in paragraph three of his article that the Panopticon was created to be a cruel igneous cage which came from Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish. In detail The Yellow Wallpaper has the same idea but instead in more detail this was a woman who was very understanding to the room that was built like a prison but she was mentally tortured by the paper on the walls, this yellow wallpaper that was described as having eyes. To Bak, this room was very much like a dungeon of some sort but had many similarities to the Panopticon. He also describes the Panopticon as being a prison under watch and in The Yellow Wallpaper, he describes the wallpaper as being a form of surveillance as this lady with all these issues automatically assumes this paper has eyes on her and is watching her every move. Was this the best idea for a current situation like this? Being isolated from the entire world while going through an illness or was this making the disease worse? Bak says that Gilman wrote this story hoping it would get to Dr. Mitchell so he would see how his idea of helping cure her was not good at all but instead it was error he mentions in paragraph 21 of his article. We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In paragraph 20, Bak says the cure became more of a laboratory other than a institution for help, then he closes the paragraph with agreeing words from Susan Gilbert and Susan Gubar from Panoptican saying The cure is worse than the disease. This article has a lot of comparison to symbols in it. He compares it to another story that is a very similar situation to this lady in The Yellow Wallpaper. In his comparison the yellow wallpaper is viewed as surveillance meaning the paper was watching the lady at all times and this is what caused her to just be so terrified of the paper. He even mentions throughout his article although this was suppose to be a room to help cure her but this room was more like a prison with the bars being on the windows and the bed being railed to the floor. Although the lady was in this room most of the day alone looking at this torture, he tells how her husband is there to comfort her but instead of giving a loving symbol from him he is described as an officer compared to the security officers of Panopticon. Bak describes the room as a prison but yet he says to the narrator the wallpaper is the prison because that is what she wants to be free from.

When the Biblical Exodus Would Have Taken Place

When the Biblical Exodus Would Have Taken Place Exodus is not only the name of a book in the Old Testament but a momentous event for the Hebrew people- their departure from Egypt. Unfortunately, there is no easy answer as to when it occurred. Was the Exodus Real? Although there can be a chronology within the framework of a fictional story or myth, dating the events is generally impossible. To have a historical date, normally an event must be real; therefore the question must be asked as to whether or not the Exodus actually happened. Some believe the Exodus never took place because there is no physical or literary proof beyond the Bible. Others say all the proof that is needed is in the Bible. While there will always be skeptics, most assume there was some basis in historical/archaeological fact. How Do Archaeologists and Historians Date the Event? Archaeologists and historians, comparing archaeological, historical, and Biblical records, tend to date the Exodus somewhere between the 3d and 2d millennia B.C. Most favor one of three basic time frames: 16th century B.C.15th century B.C.13th century B.C. The main problem with dating the Exodus is that archaeological evidence and Biblical references do not line up. 16th, 15th Century Dating Problems Make the period of the Judges too long (300-400 years long),Involve extensive interaction with kingdoms which only came into existence laterMake no mention of the heavy local influence the Egyptians had in the area of Syria and Palestine 16th, 15th Century Support However, some Biblical evidence supports the 15th-century date, and the expulsion of the Hyksos favors the earlier date. The expulsion of the Hyksos evidence is important because it is the only historically recorded collective exodus from Egypt of people from Asia until the first millennium B.C. Advantages of the 13th Century Date The 13th century date solves the problems of the earlier ones (the period of the Judges would not be too long, there is archaeological evidence of the kingdoms the Hebrews had extensive contact with, and the Egyptians were no longer a major force in the area) and is the date accepted by more archaeologists and historians than the others. With the 13th century dating of the Exodus, settlement of Canaan by the Israelites occurs in the 12th century B.C.

Negative Guilt Syndrome

Negative Guilt Syndrome Negative Guilt Syndrome Negative Guilt Syndrome By Maeve Maddox A reader expresses second thoughts about a sentence she wrote: When I looked back at it, I realized this use of a double negative to convey a positive is an unusual construction and remembered the dire warnings received in my youth to, â€Å"never use a double negative.† The reader is referring to this sentence: You cannot fail to appreciate his intelligence. The sentence is negative, but it does not contain a double negative. A problem with internalizing the rule â€Å"never use a double negative† is that it tends to make speakers leery of negatives in general. This reader has assumed that by using â€Å"a negative to convey a positive† she has committed some kind of error. She hasn’t. The expression â€Å"You cannot fail to (do something)† is a common idiom: Applaud the authors politics or not, you  cannot fail to appreciate  his literary talent.- Book review in Newsday Anyone with a love of the great outdoors and a good walk cannot fail to appreciate Dartmoor.- Travel piece, London Times Practitioners cannot fail to appreciate the frequency of hyperuricemia in many of their patients because, even in asymptomatic patients, it is regularly brought to their attention in the various profiles of biochemical tests.- Scientific paper, University of Queensland. The negative â€Å"cannot fail to† is a softer way of saying, â€Å"you must† or â€Å"you have to.† A common reaction of English speakers to being told that we must do something is â€Å"Oh yeah? Who’s going to make me?† Using the phrase â€Å"cannot fail to† instead of â€Å"you must† is a way to avoid provoking a hostile reaction in the reader. A â€Å"double negative† results from the presence of more than one negative modifier in the same clause. For example, â€Å"I can’t get no satisfaction† is a double negative because it contains not and no. â€Å"You cannot fail to appreciate his intelligence† is simply a negative sentence, like â€Å"I can’t lose.† As for the â€Å"â€Å"never use a double negative† rule, even it has its exceptions. But that’s another post. Related post: Double Negatives To Avoid Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of Rhyme20 Rules About Subject-Verb AgreementUses of the Past Participle

Business Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Culture - Essay Example Organizational change or change management has become a very important aspect in the modern day management practice. Change is desirable when everything else has failed to ensure the continuous survival of the business. However change in itself might not be desirable when the degree of resistance to change become stronger because when resistance gathers momentum that in itself is an indicator of the existence of other solutions. If organizational change were focused on improving critical success factors related to financial management, Human Resource Management (HRM), employee relations, supply chain management, quality management, marketing and corporate social responsibility (CSR), then the organization would have to face considerable resistance. In the first instance when change involves people it is all the more difficult to manage the process of change smoothly because employees depending on their attitude to change would not remain silent. Thus as much as the active management of the change process involves attitudinal changes, there are predefined objectives that would require far reaching changes at each level before a final changes brought aboutAlbert Breton (Author) †º Visit Amazons Albert Breton Page . Organizational change also requires a far greater commitment on the part of management to initiate change. However once it is initiated the degree of participation by other employees alone would determine the success or the failure of the program. Thus organizational change theories have evolved overtime with particular emphasis on the change management process of employees in general. Lewin’s theory of organizational change is based on a three tier change management process in which a system of continuous replacement is adopted. Thus it is known as unfreeze-change-refreeze model. For example in the first stage the existing organizational setup is unfrozen or dismantled. In the second stage changes are

Compare various types of Realistic writing Essay

Compare various types of Realistic writing - Essay Example However, for Bret Harte, the American dream remains a remote reality, even though his writings revel in the West, especially, California. In ‘The Outcasts of Poker Flat’, the lines, ‘With him life was at best an uncertain game’ (Perkins and Perkins, 2007, p. 485) shows Harte’s belief that the American dream is unattainable.   For Red Cloud and Hopkins, the West was their home, so when the settlers began to invade, they felt that their settlement and their existence is threatened. Red Cloud’s speech to the Cooper Union in 1870 in New York shows his views: ‘All I want is right and justice’ (Perkins and Perkins, 2007, p.493). This is considered as the precursor of the demands of equality and justice for different American communities. A similar undertone is sensed in the writings of Sarah Hopkins, a prominent female Native American Activist who wrote, Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims’. In her narrative, the viol ent invasion by the Whites around 1840s, is vivid and emotive (Perkins and Perkins, 2007, p.495). For both Red Cloud and Hopkins, the West represents their own identity and this identify represents the American Dream. References Twain, M (1884) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In Perkins, G, and Perkins, B, Eds. (2007).   The American Tradition in Literature, Volume II, 12th edition. (142-143) New York: McGraw-Hill Harte, B (1869). The Outcasts of Poker Flat.

Revlon website Essay Example for Free

Revlon website Essay Csikszentmihalyi (1975, p. 36 cited in Rettie, 2001) states that flow is the holistic experience that people feel when they act with total involvement. Further, Hoffman and Novak (1996, p. 57 cited in Rettie, 2001) believes that flow is something which can stick you through. Further, it is said that flow can be attributed towards repeat usage. Which means, if a consumer is provided something exciting on the website, then probability of consumer visiting website again is very high? In context of Revlon, a consumer visiting website wants to see something different, he wants to have an experience and if that does not happen, them the consumer will not visit the site again. Now, the question is, what Revlon is offering to the audience is very much same as any other website is offering. Revlon is offering a make up look which is not even personalized. This will not increase the traffic on the website and will not lead to consumer satisfaction. Currently, Revlon website is offering very minimal services. The site is not very flashy as it is one of the glamorous companies. Its competitors LOreal has flashy sites with lots of features (Loreal. com) which are missing in Revlon. In a survey done by Csikszentmihalyi (cited in Rettie, 2001) the research involves finding the flow of information was that older woman prefer that if there is interactivity on the site (i. e. if there is lots of things to do on the site they will prefer to go on that site again and again. But if there is no interactivity on the site it does not interest the consumer). Revlon website offers very limited interactivity to the customers, which wont help Revlon to attract new customers and provide satisfaction to old customers. Currently, Revlon site is offering e-mails to consumers. But do Consumers really bother about these e-mails. Hoffman and Novak, 1997, Rettie, 2001, Smith and Shivkumar, 2004 (cited in Chaffey et al, 2006) believes that flow of information is important for site usability. Further, Chaffey et al,(2006) believes that flow for online marketing can be defined as information or experience, which consumer has when he moves from one page to another and also includes interactions like filling forms etc. When this theory was applied to Revlon website, it showed that navigating from one page to other is not difficult and is quite easy. But when it comes to interactivity Revlon cannot compete with LOreal as LOreal offers more tools for interactivity then Revlon. Strauss and Frost (1999) suggest that customers want speed, convenience on top variety when they get from one page to another. Consumer does not want to spend their time on giving password on the net rather; they prefer to have user friendly method on the internet. This is important for the flow of information through the website. The more the website saves time and efforts of the consumer the more likely it is for the consumer to visit the site gain. This will help to increase the customer satisfaction and enhance interactivity on the COMPETITIOR ANALYSIS Revlon is beauty care Product Company for woman. Its main direct competitors are LOreal, Maybelline. According to Chaffey et al (2006) benchmarking competitors website should be based on companies marketing performance, financial performance, marketing communication techniques and services offered. In context of interactivity, marketing communications techniques and services offered should be taken into account for competitors analysis. Based on the above analysis, the recommendations are made for Revlon to come up to its competitors. Revlons competitors have strong interactivity on the website which Revlon is lacking, therefore, future recommendations are set so that Revlon also increases its interactivity on the website and increases the customer satisfaction and interaction. RECOMMENDATIONS After analyzing Revlon website and the competitors. The following recommendations are made which will help Revlon to understand its customer needs and leads to customer satisfaction through interactive media. In view of Avery, Calder and Iacobucci (1998), interactive media has enormous growth. It is used to identify customer needs, sharing of information and creating an experience for the customer. According to Borges, Couto, Natario and Braga (2007), the range of online communication tool is growing with way of support and involving customers and communicating between one to many. In view of Hoffman, Novak, Schlosser, 2000 and Constantinides (2002 cited in Borges et al,2007) internet is not only a place which represents companys image. The main aim of the internet is to attract more customers and changing occasional visitors to prospective customers. With the support of above theories, the below are some of the recommendation to Revlon in order to increase their interactivity on the website, thus it will help to satisfy customers and will help to identify prospective clients as well. 1 ONLINE FORUMS Revlon presently, has no forums (imediacommunication, 2004). Revlon should develop forums which will help customers to interact with each other and with organization also. Chaffey et al(2006) suggests that forums are the means to promote the services of the website. It is a way of connecting to the community. According to Howard (2000) it is essential for a company to innovate on the internet by hosting on line forums, stage on line contest, live messages etc. Loreal, which is the direct competitor of Revlon, has forum, where customer can post their comments, chat with each other, participate in polls, LOreal has online live discussion forum as well (LOreal. com). According to Siegel (2006), forums are an effective way of communicate online and sharing information with people. He has provided an example of Kraft Foods interactive Kitchen where consumers share recipes and email their comments on the site. The best example for forums is YouTube, where customer can leave their comment, can discuss videos with members. Revlon should start opinion poll service, live discussion, sharing of videos on their website. Even though Revlon has certain blogs on search engines but they do not belong to the website. Customers will not find blogs in search engines to post comment, they will visit website to do so. 2 Blogs One of the most common tools for interactive communication is blogging. Blogs can be defined as webpages which are developed or used online for publishing web pages. These Blogs have comments and feedback form which makes consumer feel good. Blogs are also gets comments from other sites as well. These have been successful in media environment (Chaffey et al, 2006). According to Business Blog Consulting customers feel that Revlon should come with blogs where women can discuss their product research, can share good piece of information with other women and even develop online community. Revlon website should start Blog for its customers where they feel that they are involved in company. They can share information about recent style, trends across the world. In view of Russo (2007) where the power of blog can be known is from Perez Hiltons celebrity gossip blogger where he has created a blog which he constantly updates, makes his readers involved by publishing gossips, pictures. Revlon should form a blog which should focus on beauty and cosmetic tips given by its celebrity endorser and consumer can ask questions, post comments about beauty and cosmetics and to create positive effect of their services through these blogs. Revlon should also start competition games for beauty and cosmetic quiz type and then reward the audiences according to some points.

Essay --

World War II was perhaps the most destructive war to plague the earth. The war took an unfathomable amount of lives some 17 million soldiers and a countless number of innocent civilians who died as a result of starvation and bombings, or Hitler's deliberate campaigns of mass murder through concentration camps. World War I helped to create some of the conditions that lead to the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles was a peace agreement that was signed and took away the Central Powers of territory and arms from Germany, Austria, Turkey, Hungary, and Bulgaria. This left them with very heavy wartime reparations that needed to be paid, causing much bitterness. The war took a heavy toll on European economies and also helped with the unfortunate coming of the Great Depression. The Treaty also disappointed both Italy and Japan as Victors of the war. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, set the stage for the United States entrance into the war. The surprise attack on the United States Navy by Japanese forces was intended as a preventative action in order to keep the US Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Almost at the same time, Japanese warplanes attack the Philippines and two U.S. islands: Wake and Guam, which are later occupied. Japanese troops invade Malaya and Thailand and seize Shanghai. Later in December Japanese troops invade Burma and Hong Kong. The United States declared war on Japan the following day, December 8, 1941. Japan entered into a war against the two most powerful navies in the world, the United States and Britain. Three da... ... a base for an expected invasion of Japan. US forces win in July and the US liberates Manila, Philippines after deadly and fierce street battles. Back over in Europe, US troops successfully cross the Rhine River and the Air Force use about 1,250 planes to lead the heaviest air raid against Berlin. The War in Europe is winding down and by April of 1945, the leader of Germany, Adolf Hitler, commits suicide, and by May, Germany surrenders. The United States is still at war with Japan and so on August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima and the second on August 9, 1945 on Nagasaki, killing well over 100, 000 people and causing the Japanese to surrender on August 14, 1945. The war ushered in the atomic age and was quickly followed by the collapse of the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union and the beginning of the Cold War.

2.5 Food Safety Work File

2. 5 Food Safety Work File Directions: Complete the food safety interactive quiz. Use the information from the interactive quiz to complete the following responses regarding food safety practices. For each of the following food safety practices, share at least 2 statements from the interactive quiz. Be sure to put these statements in your own words and explain why they are helpful in preventing food borne illness. An example would be: When dining from a buffet, make sure hot food is hot and cold food is cold.Food that is 40 – 140 degrees Fahrenheit has already begun to grow bacteria and pathogens.Clean (16 points):Keeping your hands clean keep you from getting ill.Keeping your surfaces clean after cooking or letting an animal sit on it.Separate (16 points):When cross contamination happens it spreads bacteria from one item to a food item which will make you sick.Never put cooked food on the same item a raw food was on without washing it.Cook (16 points):Using a food thermometer is the only way you can te ll for sure if a food has reached the temperature that kills the bacteria.Cook thawed food to a minimum internal temperature to kill the bacteria.Chill (16 points):When cooked food is left out for too long it can grow bacteria that can make you sick.Freezig foods to 0 degrees inactivates bacteria’s. In your own kitchen, explain 2 food safety practices you feel your family can improve and 2 food safety practices you feel your family does well.(16 points) I feel we can improve cooking food to the correct temperature, and cleaning our hands after touching raw foods. I feel that we keep cooked foods away from raw foods, and cleaning surfaces after having raw foods on it. In what ways do your school and community practice or promote food safety to contribute to your personal health? (20 points) Our community promotes food safety by having health inspectors come to restraunts and making sure they don’t have any health violations.

Freudian Analysis of Melancholia Essay

The film Melancholia by Lars von Trier gradually develops into the character’s depression through their actions and choices that can relate directly to Lars von Trier’s own depression and unfortunate childhood circumstances. The main protagonist of the movie, Justine, is depressed and this affects everyone around her. Lars von Trier, the writer and director, is depressed was depressed when creating this film and this depression is reflected in Melancholia. Freudian theories relate to Melancholia through Justine’s life as well as her love life. She is constantly unsatisfied and immediately has an extramarital sexual encounter when she is vulnerable. Freudian theories are demonstrated through the depression from the characters in the movie to the writer. Some of Freudian theories that will be discussed are looking at how some of the character experiences are similar to Lars von Triers past and the Oedipus complex. Lars von Trier’s past greatly influenced how and what he wrote for Melancholia. Freud said that â€Å"the notion that human beings are motivated, even driven, by desires, fears, needs, and conflicts of which they are unaware† (Tyson, 14-15) indicates Lars von Trier is motivated by his past experiences. The viewer learns quickly that Justine has an unhappiness that constantly affects her daily routine, and she pretends to be someone else when she’s around others. Depression is a common mental disorder that presents with depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy, and poor concentration. These problems can become chronic or recurrent and lead to substantial impairments in one’s ability to take care of their everyday responsibilities. Justine shows signs of depression throughout the film for example, when refusing to take a bath or go riding which she usually she enjoys doing. People with depression tend to be exhausted on a regular basis similar to when Justine left her own wedding party to have a nap. Lars von Trier may have experienced the same symptoms of depression in his personal experiences, as well his childhood might have influenced why he became epressed in his later life which could have possibly enhanced his work for Melancholia. Although Lars was diagnosed with depression in 2007, he had a difficult childhood. He did not know who his biological father was until his mother told him on her death bed. Freud believed that â€Å"our unconscious was influenced by childhood events†. Lars von Trier stated during an interview that â€Å"I come from a family of communist nudists. I was allowed to do or not to do what I like. My parents were not interested in whether I went to school or get drunk on white wine. After a childhood like that, you search for restrictions in your own life. † Lars’ childhood relates greatly to the character of Justine. Justine’s parents did not seem to care for her. During Justine’s wedding, her parent’s self-absorption is reflected in their speeches about their marriage problems. As well, her parents did not care or take time for her when Justine specifically asked a few times to talk privately to her father and he could not find the time. In the bedroom, Justine was upset and asked her mother for help but her mother was no help at all. Her mom did not seem to care and her father left the wedding leaving only a note saying that he was leaving with another woman and to â€Å"forgive an old fool†. Lars’ and Justine’s parents have similar responses to their children of not caring. Claire was distraught and acted out of character, she could no longer organize her thoughts and be as calm around Justine as she was before, alike to Lars’ thoughts he quoted â€Å"Everything is going to Hell, but we should smile all the way. † (Lars personal quotes on IMDB) Once Justine realized Melancholia was going to hit the earth she became collected and composed. At the end of the movie Justine, Claire and Leo site together, close their eyes and hold hands as Justine had instructed. This is one of the only scenes where Justine actually genuinely smiles. She appears to be at peace and content even though she knows that the end of the world is approaching. This scene relates to Lars’ quote. Even though Justine knows everything is going to Hell, she is smiling even at the end. Lars’ mentions the restrictions he puts on his life like Justine not allowing herself to have a happy marriage and accept her husband’s love and happiness. Justine becomes very depressed during her wedding and cheats on her newly wedded husband. She will not have a real relationship with her husband but moments later will have a quick sexual encounter with a complete stranger. This relates to Freud’s beliefs in the Oedipus complex, a girl’s desire for her father and anger and jealousy towards her mother. Justine’s father flirts openly with other women in front of his wife and children at the wedding. Justine has a sexual encounter with a stranger trying to mimic a relationship alike to her fathers. This may have influenced Justine’s decision to behave dishonestly with her husband even though her husband loved her very much. Justine’s mother makes a speech during the wedding dinner and expresses her animosity against marriage, while Justine and her sister Claire look at their mother with anger and embarrassment. Justine and Claire disrespect their mother by getting married, knowing to expect her disapproving comments, yet criticize her for it. â€Å"The result is a murderous rage against the Mother†¦ and a desire to possess the Father† (1016) Melancholia is about the world ending and in Justine’s small world she is depressed, Citing Freudians Oedipus Complex one can parallel Lars’ state of depression which is shown throughout the movie. The character’s actions mirror Lars von Trier’s beliefs and experiences through his life and through his depression, which is a huge factor in Melancholia. As well the relationships Justine has reflects the Oedipus Complex through her behaviour and decisions. Therefore Freudian theories relate directly to Melancholia.

5 Career Strategies You Can Take from The Art of War

5 Career Strategies You Can Take from The Art of War If you’ve ever read The Art of War by Sun Tzu, you know that it was meant to be a guide for actual warfare. Taken slightly less literally, all these centuries later, it’s also a handy guide for approaching and surviving any kind of conflict, including those at work- not to mention a fantastic primer for building your leadership skills. Let’s look at some of the key points in the book that you can apply to your own career.1. Strategy is Everythingâ€Å"Victorious warriors win first and then go to war, while defeated warriors go to war first and then seek to win.†If you don’t have a plan, it’s easy to get mired in the day-to-day and lose sight of your goals. It’s crucial to have short-term and long-term professional goals so you’re making active progress, instead of just dealing with whatever comes your way and waiting around for the next thing.2. Be Ready to Compromiseâ€Å"The greatest victory is that which requires no battle.à ¢â‚¬ You may know you’re right on a particular point or a way to do things, but ask yourself- if I go all in on this, what is achieved here? Part of being a team member means being ready to compromise and negotiate to make sure work is getting done. If you’re working on your own, then sure- it’s your way or else. If you’re working with others, it’s important to take their points of view into account as well. Knowing your priorities can help you figure out when it’s important to fight for something, and when you’d be better off finding a compromise.3. Keep Calmâ€Å"The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.†Work is not the place to lose your cool, even when things are rough, or someone makes you angry. Find alternative ways to settle conflicts without yelling. You can also work on your at-work relaxation techniques to help you cope with stress and resolve issues without flying off the handle.4. Embrace Off ice Politicsâ€Å"He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.†Workplaces have politics. This is just as true if you work in a fast food restaurant as it is if you work for a Fortune 500 company. Any time you put different personalities together to achieve common goals, part of your own job will be working together with others to make sure you’re getting things done.Rather than avoid conflicts, work on them and through them. You’ll be building good skills, and racking up experience points you can point to later for a promotion or a new job.5. Keep Your Confidence Levels Upâ€Å"You have to believe in yourself.†Strategy, planning, and good habits are fantastic ways to boost your career, but they’re not the most important element- you are. If you play to your strengths and know that you can handle whatever comes your way (even if it requires some extra battle planning), that confidence can improve both your work performance and the quality of opportunities that come your way.

Decker Surname Origin and Family History

Decker Surname Origin and Family History The  Decker surname most commonly originated as an occupational surname for a roofer or thatcher, derived from the Old High German word decker, meaning one who covered roofs with tile, straw or slate. The meaning of the word expanded during the Middle Ages to encompass carpenters and other craftsman and was used to refer to one who built or laid the decks of vessels.  The popular Dutch surname Dekker has the same meaning, derived from the Middle Dutch  deck(e)re, from  decken, meaning to cover. The Decker surname may also derive from the German decher, meaning the quantity of ten; this may also have been a name given to the tenth child. Alternate Surname Spellings: DEKER, DECKER, DECHER, DECKARD, DECHARD, DEKKER, DEKKES, DEKK, DECK, DECKERT Surname Origin: German, Dutch Where in the World Is the Decker Surname Found? According to World Names PublicProfiler, the Decker surname is the most commonly found, based on percentage of population, in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is also a very popular surname in the countries of Luxembourg and Germany. The Forbears surname distribution map for 2014 identifies the Decker surname as being very popular in Sierra Leone, based on frequency distribution. Famous People With the Decker Surname Jessie James Decker -  American country pop singer-songwriter and reality T.V. personalityEric Decker - American National League Football wide receiverDesmond Dekker - Jamaican  singer-songwriter and musicianThomas Dekker -  English  dramatist and pamphlet writer Genealogy Resources for the Surname DECKER Decker Family Genealogy Forum - Search this popular genealogy forum for the Decker surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Decker surname query.FamilySearch - DECKER Genealogy - Explore over 1.3 million results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the Decker surname and its variations on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Decker Records - GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Decker surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.Ancestry.com: Decker  Surname - Explore over 2.4  million digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Decker surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Frequency Response of Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Frequency Response of Networks - Essay Example The essay "Frequency Response of Networks" talks about the theory behind frequency response in inductive and capacitive reactances and presents the plot of frequency response of the RC filter and which regions that these filters operate in. Frequency domain analysis is easier than time domain analysis It is important to obtain the frequency response of a circuit because we can predict its response to any Input signal. There are four general types of filters: Low-pass filters (LPF), Band-pass filters, High-pass filter (HPF) and Band-Reject (Stop). In this laboratory experiment, we will plot the frequency response of a network by analyzing RC passive filters. Capacitive reactance derivation from equation Vcos(ω t + p) where V is the amplitude (can be current or potential), ω is the angular frequency, t is time, and ÃŽ ¦ is a phase shift. The current flowing through a capacitor is given by i = C(dv/dt). Naturally, since v = V cos(ωt+ ÃŽ ¦), DV/dt would equal - ω Vsin(ωt+ ÃŽ ¦). Using trigonometric identity we can rewrite sin as cos and get –ωVcos (ωt+ {ÃŽ ¦ -90}) (subtracting 90 degrees from sin to get cosine) by taking the derivative of the voltage and multiplying it by the capacitance we get the current flowing through the capacitor i = - ωCVcos(ωt+ [ÃŽ ¦ -90]). This is in the time domain. In order to derive the impedance/reactance, it must be converted to the frequency domain by writing the voltage and current as a phasor solving using Euler's Identity where ejx = cosx + jsinx j is the imaginary number.

The Decline of Spain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Decline of Spain - Essay Example This has been revealed that a major cause behind this decline was, during 1588 to 1598, Philips foreign ventures and his overseas policies that affected Spains economy in a very bad manner.2 Bankruptcy led Philip’s overseas ventures to an end, along with the Armada, that caused a major impact on Spains morale. Trade industry was developed between Europe and America in era of 1500 and 1600 century. Supplies made from America were the major reason of problems for Spain. As per experts of the field, the trade within Spain was not suitably regulated. They built poor relations between other nations due to a poor leadership; all these made grounds for loss of wealth for Spain. Moreover, the leadership within Spain also lacked essential economic qualities. On the other hand, France was continuously supplied by the resources from the US due to its positive and well- regulated trade policies. France economy was greatly improved due to its finance minister, Colbert, who pursued mercantilist policies and followed the trade policies implemented by the king. Colbert was the main person behind considerably improved economy of France; he encouraged farming, mining and other necessary industries, and also established highly money- making businesses. More can be learnt through further reading and research on this topic. The economic decline of Spain became worse due to reduced farming and commerce after starting trade with American colonies. 3 Spain could not maintain good relations with England due to which Queen Elizabeth permitted her army to invade Spanish treasure Ships. Then bad leadership also resulted in more loss of wealth as a result of costly wars which resulted in high inflation that became worse due to American gold and silver. France established its trade with overseas colonies. On the other hand, Spain could not take full advantage out of its colonies present in America. Main reasons

Team-based Programming Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team-based Programming Skills - Essay Example Each member is dependent on the other and higher the understanding among the members, higher the productivity level of the whole organization. When working in a team as a programmer, the most important skill that you need to have is communication skill. A programmer working in a team may not require a vast amount of knowledge compared to a programmer working alone. (Layman, et al. 2006) In web programming, content is of the utmost importance. When different sets of mind are working together, they produce content that is of high quality, has a lot of variety, attractive, dynamic and is well planned. There are various teams that are made that have a specific task so that they can create something that captivates the audience (Layman, et al. 2006). In teams there is the transference of knowledge as well. A person who is skilled in web programming can share his knowledge and wisdom with the people he is working with. (Sharp & Robinson, 2008) This helps in the overall productivity of the whole team which in turn affects the organization. When a programmer is working alone he needs a vast amount of knowledge concerned with the design of the website. Although communication skills are not that important but still they are required. The programmer must be expert in all areas because he is in charge of all the things. Organizations that are small require web developers that can work alone (Anon., 2014). However there is a downside of working alone as well. The content made is not that captivating when the programmer is working alone because a single mind is working on it. (Burdmann, 1999) There is a lower degree of creativeness as it is born out of interaction. There is limited knowledge and the programmer might lose confidence in his abilities. In today’s world it is important for an organization to build teams and strategies for them. When a team is built up, a specific strategy and specific tasks are allotted to

Communications in business

Communications in business The concept of networks contains the competencies which can enable organizational members to produce better products and services. I worked for a company which provided IT support and maintenance, field services, design, consulting and system administration for a wide range of IT products. In 2001, the company sold its equities to outside investors. Since then the investors have become the majority shareholder, causing the family to largely lose control of the company. The corporate culture has been gradually changed, from ‘family corporate umbrella’ to ‘corporate umbrella’. However, the CEO, a member of ‘family corporate umbrella’ culture, has not yet adapted to the new scenario. The new psychological, communicative and social frameworks do not help the CEO understand how individuals and nonhuman agents could work. In the ‘corporate umbrella’ environment, no single theory can help motivations, which can forge, dissolve, or sustain knowledge of the grapevine network with other nonhuman or other human agents. The grapevine communication network could include authority relations and trust five years ago in the Irish company. At that time, the communication network had been impacted by other influential organizational networks within the family as well as the relations specified by the underlying family culture, the closed-internal networks. I was challenged by the concept of organizational family, psychological mechanism, and communicative network. When the company changed its legal entity, from proprietorship to company owned by many investors, the transition has been discouraged and undermined by the ‘corporate umbrella’ concept. The COO, nominated by the investors, has taken over the CEO position, who might not get used to the ‘corporate umbrella’ concept. The CEO has not shared any attributes to the corporation. In fact, corporate exchange environment might reflect that an individual might look for grapevine network with another individual, if the other can somehow reciprocate and offer something in return. The assumption, based on mutual interest, might suggest that any individual will help contribute to a certain responsibility only if other members in the grapevine are willing to do so, which might help explain why at a global level, the entire network could be successful. Additionally, I believe that individuals tend to look for information from those who they think are knowledgeable. The CEO is under the pressure of being audited by the customers. Major banking organizations and the FDA on behalf of the pharmaceutical clients have scrutinized the company operation. Publishing serves more as a sign about which individuals understand and are responsible for certain areas. However, in the company the responsibilities of CEO and COO are overlapped and not clearly defined. The CEO, high-school graduate and non-corporate experience, cannot offer expertise in area in exchange. Managing grapevine networks procedures can be developed. The COO leverage emerging technological capabilities, implement the new communication community and change the company culture, from ‘family corporate umbrella’ to ‘corporate umbrella’. The new infrastructure and new social communication have been implemented in the company. As a CTO (Chief Technology Officer), I was working closer to the operation side and involved with day-to-day activities. The pressures of stakeholders have caused the COO many concerns. Contrast to traditional communication, the ‘family corporate umbrella’ culture, I have come to realize that I was in a highly knowledgeable intensive and connected in organizational world. The structural interconnections have determined what the people in authority, COO and CEO, can know, can do, or cannot do. I understand that the explosion of work, international codes have crossed many disciplines, not just corporate culture. The financial principals, the pharmaceutical regulations, ISO 9001:2000 standards and the Sarbanes Oxley Act seem burdened to the CEO at high school education level. Concurrently, the amount of knowledge about the network and communication has grown after the company has been taken over by investors for five years. As Morgan believes, corporations can be viewed as biological organisms. [1] The simplest structures can be divided into cells and retain the characteristics of life. Usually start-up as a sole trader, proprietorship, a single person operation can begin the corporate life and perform many functions in my company. Thirty years ago, the company was operated under the ‘family corporate umbrella’. At this time, communication was easy since a person could contact within his own environment. Communications should be changed to adapt to the environment. ‘Many companies do not listen to their environment; they simply wait to speak. This means that 80 per cent of information flows outwards from the organisation and only 20 per cent flows inwards.’ [2] The organizational boundary is coupled with the ideas of organizational identity. In fact, at any given time, the boundary can impact the usage of intellectual capital and capability by the company and vice versa. The organization transforms from ‘family corporate umbrella’ to ‘corporate umbrella’. Leveraging intellectual capital by organizations operating might cause more dynamic in open environment. Furthermore, ‘complex organisms are good at differentiating between long-term and short-term communication mechanisms and goals. The nervous system, for example, deals with short-term adjustments to the organism over minutes and hours. The sympathetic nervous system controls responses to external stimuli, while the parasympathetic nervous syste.’ [3] If this concept had been efficiently implemented in my corporation, the staff turnover would have been much lower. I believe that where any procedures, expertise and human resources are properly shared, organizational boundaries can become indistinct. This might rise to new issues of organizational identity, integrity and ownership of intellectual capability. According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs[4], social needs become prominence in employees’ feeling and thinking. Their social needs can be fulfilled when they surround themselves with others who understand and generally approve their day-to-day life choices. In fact, once secure in my social life, I sought to fulfill my need for esteem. I was discouraged by CEO. As a CTO, at this stage I would ignore money motivators for the sake of the all-important respect and job title. http://www.itstime.com/maslow.htm[5] I am building a social life to match my growing need to make people proud of me, and to be proud of myself. I have seen many professionals in the company oscillate between social needs and esteem needs. The CEO should understand that managing organizational transformation is related to the dynamic, competitive and interconnected to the economic context as well as the open environment. The ‘corporate umbrella’ metaphor can help him explore issues of the organization integrity and identity; he can understand the cognitive and adaptive behaviors of employees in his company. I believe that if the company can be self organized, good corporate culture, which represents considerable elegant communication, responsive to local change while trying to maintain to organization integrity through intelligent networks, internal communication, and relational contiguity, it can be globally positioned. It can locally generate at its best capability and fineness of control in interacting with open environment. The CEO can help generate robustness and challenge the changing conditions. In short, workplace violence, such as threats, abuse, physical assault, aggressive and abrasive behavior, is an issue that companies have responsibilities to assess. Control measures should incorporate protective, preventive and even encouraging measures. Transformation of ‘family corporate umbrella’ to ‘corporate umbrella’ should be well informed, implemented, and educated in the corporate framework and operations. As a result, effective risk measurements can be undertaken in consultation with employees, and avoid negative emotions developing. Bibliography Maslow, A H. 1970, ‘ Motivation and personality’, 2nd ed. New York: Harper Row. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, viewed January 10, 2007, http://www.itstime.com/maslow.htm> Morgan, G 1998, Nature intervenes: organizations as organisms, Executive ed., 1st ed. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Sage Publications, San Francisco, California. Vincent-Wayne, M, Jackson, P. 2006 ‘the nature of corporate communication’.European Business Forum.London, no.26,p.37 Page 1 Footnotes [1] Morgan, G 1998, Nature intervenes: organizations as organisms, Executive ed., 1st ed. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Sage Publications, San Francisco, California. [2] Vincent-Wayne, M, Jackson, P. 2006 ‘the nature of corporate communication’.European Business Forum.London, no.26,p.37 [3] Vincent-Wayne Jackson 2006 [4] Maslow, A H. 1970, ‘ Motivation and personality’, 2nd ed. New York: Harper Row. [5] Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, viewed January 10, 2007, http://www.itstime.com/maslow.htm>

Investigate Osmosis :: GCSE Biology Osmosis Coursework

Investigate Osmosis Aim:To investigate osmosis. The student is going to see what happens to the weight of a potato when it is placed into different solutions of sodium chlorides and water. Prediction: The student predicts that potato placed in distilled water will undergo a gain in weight and potato placed in salt solution will lose weight. Potato placed in mixed concentration will have no change in its weight. This prediction has been made using scientific knowledge of the special type of diffusion known as osmosis. In osmosis, each individual cell is surrounded by a cell membrane. The cell membrane allows small molecules to pass through it, but not large ones. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration (weak solution) to an area of low water concentration (strong solution) through a partially permeable membrane. Water moves in both directions to try and make the concentrations inside and outside of the cell even. If there is more movement one way, it is said that there is a net movement of water into the area where there is less water. If the potato is placed into distilled water, the concentration of water outside of the cell will be greater than the concentration of water inside the cell. There will be a net movement of water from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration and as a result of this the cell will contain more water, it will become turgid and weigh more than it did when it had a smaller concentration of water. If the potato is placed into a salt solution the concentration of water will be greater inside the cell than outside, osmosis will take place and the water will once again move from the area of high concentration (inside the cell) to the area of low concentration (outside the cell). This will cause the potato to lose weight as it loses its water. If the potato is placed in a mixed solution then the concentrations inside and outside of the cell should be equal, the water molecules will move by osmosis but the concentrations will remain equal. Apparatus: - 125ml of 1ml sodium chloride solution. - 125ml distilled water. - 15 cylinders of potato each weighing 5.3g. - 15 beakers (150ml). - 2 measuring cylinders (50ml) - 2 potato borers (one large one small). - 1 set of digital weighing scales. - 1 calculator - 1 small scalpel - 1 stop clock Method: The student will use a potato borer to cut out 15 cylinders of potato to the same size and weigh them, the weights will be recorded in the table of results (each piece of potato should be the same

Experiment to Measure the Heart Rate and Ventilation Rate Before, During and After Moderate Exercise Essay

I predict that during exercise the heart and respiratory rate (RR) will increase depending on the intensity of exercise and the resting rates will be restored soon after exercise has stopped. I believe that the changes are caused by the increased need for oxygen and energy in muscles as they have to contract faster during exercise. When the exercise is finished the heart and ventilation rates will gradually decrease back to the resting rates as the muscles’ need for oxygen and energy will be smaller than during exercise. Experiment: 1. To start with the experiment we measured the persons resting heart rate and respiratory rate where there was no strain on the muscles. We continued to check both pulse and respiratory rates at 30 second intervals during the course of exercise. 2. We decided to make the length of each consecutive exercise 30 seconds long. Between each session we allowed the student’s pulse and respiratory rate return to their resting rates, otherwise the results would not be fair if both rates were higher at the start of the exercise. 3.  Throughout each exercise the student made sure that equal paces were maintained so that it would not affect the heart or respiratory rate in a different way. Immediately after exercise the subject sat down in a chair so that both the heart and respiratory rates could be taken. The pulse rate was measured first for 15 seconds, if we had taken the pulse rate for 1 minute the pulse rate would have slowed down. As soon as the pulse rate was taken we then took the respiratory rate for 15 seconds. We then waited for both rates to return to their normal resting rates before starting the next exercise. Fair Testing: Our experiment was about how the heart and respiratory rates are affected by exercise. Unless we use a stethoscope we cannot measure both rates directly. We measured the pulse rate on the carotid artery. This will keep the experiment fair because each heart beat set up a ripple of pressure which passes along the arteries. The ripple can be felt as a pulse as the artery’s muscular wall expands and relaxes. Measuring the pulse rate is measuring the subject’s hearts beats except there is minimal lapse between the beat and the pulse. The diastole and systole produce a very distinctive two tone sound which is very easily felt. So to make sure we do not count twice we will always count the first pulse of the two. (Boyle and Senior Pgs. 160 – 161) Tiffin (Northumberland College Notes Jan’12) Sources of Error: The sources of error in this experiment that we would have to include are: * Subject being fit / unfit †¢ Healthy / Unhealthy * Smoker / Non-smoker †¢ On regular medication * Drinker / Non-drinker †¢ Suffer from any illnesses * No ECG Monitor †¢ Male / Female We have to make sure that we keep the same person throughout. This is because every person has a different diet, fitness level, weight, stature or is a different gender. All these factors affect a person’s heart or respiratory rate. If the person was changed during the experiment the results would not be reliable or fair. The subject’s resting heart and respiratory rates would be different and their body’s reaction to exercise would also be different. The pace of the subject will affect their heart and respiratory rates. They may start off at a quick pace, but go slower when they begin to tire. The subject must rest between each exercise so that all the lactic acid and CO? can be carried away. The tiredness of the student will affect the pace at which the subject performs their exercise. This is why it is crucial for fair results throughout the exercise. It is also necessary to allow the subject to recover before carrying on with their exercise. We must measure the subject’s pulse and respiratory rates in the same position as we did their resting rates. If we do not, we would not get accurate results. If we were to take the subject’s pulse rate standing up the heart rate would rise because the muscles are working to keep the subject upright. The heart rate would have to work harder in order to keep their muscles working. We decided to measure the subject’s pulse and respiratory rates whilst sitting down because there would be no additional stress on their heart, which would increase their heart rate. Their heart rate should also return to its resting heart rate due to the decrease of muscle use. I have placed the results from our experiment in form of a table and will use the average results to form a graph. I have also prepared a graph to show the results throughout the exercise. As the results show the highest increase in the pulse rate is in exercise 2 where the pulse rises by 44 BPM and the respiratory rate by 8 RR. Thereafter it continues to rise by 40 BPM and 8 RR. We did however experience a higher respiratory rate in the second lot of results in exercise 4 where the respiratory rate did rise by 12 RR. During exercise, the subject’s heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and their cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped per heart beat) all increase to maintain a state of balance, known as homeostasis. Homeostasis is a self-regulating process by which the human body maintains internal stability under fluctuating environmental conditions. Blood flow to the subject’s heart, their muscles, and their skin increase. Sweat glands secrete a salty solution that evaporates from the skin, taking heat with it. Their body’s metabolism becomes more active, producing CO? and H+ in the muscles and consequently lowers PH. The subject breathes faster and deeper to supply the oxygen required by this increased metabolism. With strenuous exercise, their body’s metabolism exceeds the oxygen supply and begins to use alternate biochemical processes that do not require oxygen. These processes generate lactic acid, which enters their blood stream. The subject’s cardiovascular system, their breathing system and their muscles work in conjunction with each other in order to perform their tasks more efficiently. A vital process of exercise is respiration (the production of energy). Principally, respiration is the breakdown of oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide, water and ATP. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and has the ability to break down both fatty acids and glucose. Anaerobic respiration takes place when there is a lack of oxygen, a lactate is formed and fatty acids cannot be broken down. (Boyle and Senior Pgs. 62, Pg. 215 and Pg. 222) Tiffin (Northumberland College Notes Feb’12) Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water – C6H12O6 + 6O? —–>6CO? +6H? O+Energy Oxygen is taken into the subject’s lungs and then diffused into their bloodstream. Cells need oxygen to respire so more oxygen needs to be transported to muscle cells. This then causes the subject to breathe more deeply. Thei r intercostal muscles (muscles in between the ribs) contract up and out, moving the subject’s ribs and diaphragm up and out (a sheet of muscle at the bottom of the thorax, chest cavity). This increases the subject’s space available in their lungs for air to fill. More air in the lungs means there is more oxygen, so that more oxygen can be diffused into the bloodstream. The number of the subject’s breaths increases too, to maintain a high concentration gradient. Heart rate also needs to increase to keep their blood flowing through the lungs. The subject’s heart and respiratory rates rise because during exercise, their cell respiration in the muscles increase, so the level of carbon dioxide in their blood rises. Carbon dioxide is slightly acid, the brain detects the rising acidity in the subject’s blood, their brain then sends a signal through the nervous system to their lungs to breathe faster and deeper. Blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. The area of high pressure is the pressure created by the contraction of the subject’s ventricles, which forces blood out of their heart into the aorta. Resistance is caused by friction between the blood and the vessel walls. Gaseous exchange in the subject’s lungs increases allowing more oxygen into their circulatory system and removing more carbon dioxide. The subject’s brain then sends a signal to the sinoatrial node (SAN) to make the heart beat faster. Heart rate is controlled by the SAN. The subject’s rate goes up or down when the SAN receives information via their two automatic nerves. (Boyle and Senior Pgs. 160-162) Tiffin (Northumberland College Notes Jan-Feb 2012) †¢ Their sympathetic or accelerator nerve which speeds up their heart rate. The synapses at the end of this nerve secrete noradrenaline. †¢ Their parasympathetic or decelerator nerve, a branch of their vagus nerve, slows down their heart rate. (Boyle and Senior Pg. 162) A negative feedback system controls the subject’s level of carbon dioxide. During exercise, their blood level of carbon dioxide starts to rise. This is detected by chemoreceptors situated in three places: the carotid artery, the aorta and the medulla. Nerve impulses travel from these receptors to the subject’s cardiovascular centre. In response, their cardiovascular centre sends impulses down the sympathetic nerve to increase the subject’s heart rate. Their heart rate returns to normal after the cardiovascular centre sends impulses down the parasympathetic nerve once carbon dioxide levels have dropped. Boyle and Senior Pg. 162) Tiffin (Northumberland College Notes Feb’12) At rest During Exercise These images illustrate the alveoli and a red blood cell during rest and activity. This is the site where the red blood cells exchange carbon dioxide molecules for oxygen molecules to transport throughout the body. Notice the increase of both molecules as activity increases. (Zygote Media Group, Inc. ) The heart’s natural pacemaker – the SA node – sends out regular electrical impulses from the top chamber (the atrium) causing it to contract and pump blood into the bottom chamber (the ventricle). The electrical impulse is then conducted to the ventricles through a form of ‘junction box’ called the AV node. The impulse spreads into the ventricles, causing the muscle to contract and to pump out the blood. The blood from the right ventricle goes to the lungs, and the blood from the left ventricle goes to the body. (SADS Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome) Conclusion: I have concluded, with the evidence provided in the graphs and table, in which the pulse and ventilation rates do increase during exercise. Overall, the results confirm the initial prediction that the heart and ventilation rates increase during exercise and return to normal level shortly after exercise has been completed. Heart and ventilation rates increased during the high intensity exercise to feed the body’s need for more oxygen and energy have been decreasing gradually immediately after exercise has finished as the muscles did not need more energy than usually. It is important to take into account each individual’s personal health, fitness and lifestyle when considering the effects of exercise. Generally, the fitter the individual, more quickly the resting rate is achieved.

Fiedler’s Contingency Theory Essay

The contingency Theory shows the relationship between the leader’s orientation or style and group performance under differing situational conditions. The theory is based on determining the orientation of a leader ( relationship or task ), the elements of the situation ( leader-member relations, task structure and leader position power), and the leader orientation that was found to be most effective as the situation changed from low to moderate to high control. Fred Edward Fiedler in his landmark 1964 article, â€Å" A contingency of Leadership Effectiveness. studied and emphasized the importance of both the leader’s personality and the situation in which that leader operates. Fiedler found that task oriented leaders were more effective in low and moderate control situations and relationship oriented managers were more effective in moderate control situations. Fiedler and his associates studied leaders in a variety of contexts but mostly in military context and their mo del is based on their research findings. They outlined two styles of leadership namely task-motivated and relationship-motivated. Task refers to task accomplishment, and relationship-motivation refers to interpersonal relationships. He measured leadership style leadership style with the Least Preferred Co-Worker scale (LPC scale ). According to Northouse ( 2007 ), the leaders scoring high on this scale are relationship motivated and those scoring low are task motivated. Northhouse further indicated that, central to contingency theory is the concept of the situation, which is characterized by three factors. One, leader-member relations which deals with the general atmosphere of the group and the feelings such as trust, loyalty and confidence that the group has for its leader. Two, task structure, which is related to task clarity and the means to task accomplishment. Three, the position power, which relates to the amount of reward-punishment authority the leader has over members of the group. These three factors determine the favorableness of various situations in the organization. Definitions of factors in Contingency Theory Situational elements One, is the leader-member relations. The regard with which the leader and the group members hold one another determines in part, the ability of the leader to influence the group and the conditions under which he or she can do so. It therefore follows that a leader who is accepted by the group members is in a more favorable situation than one who is not. Two, is the task structure which is determined by the following questions in mind; can a decision be demonstrated as correct? , are the the requirements of the task of the task understood by everyone? , is there more than one correct solution?. If the group’s task is not structured, and if the leader is no more knowledgeable than the group about how to accomplish the task, the situation definitely becomes unfavorable. The third factor is the leader position power. This is determined by the rewards and punishments which the leader officially has at his or her disposal for either rewarding or punishing the group members based on how they perform. The more power the leader has, the more favorable the situation. Leader Orientation Fiedler used the Least Preferred Co-worker scale commonly known as LPC scale to measure leadership style. LPC helps management identify the human relations orientation and task orientation of possible leaders. He analyses leader orientation as follows. One of the factors is relationship orientation in which he said that high LPC leaders are more concerned with personal relations, more sensitive to the feelings of others, and better of heading off conflict. Such leaders use their good relations with others to get a job done. This also enables them to deal with complex issues when making decisions. These leaders tend to have an LPC score of 73 and above. In high control situations, these leaders tend to become bored and are no longer challenged. They tend to seek approval from their superiors ignoring their subordinates or they may decide to reorganize he task. They often become inconsiderate toward their subordinates as a result, become more punishing and more concerned with performance of the task. In moderate control situations, they focus on group relations. They reduce the anxiety and tension of group members and thus reduce conflict. They handle creative decision making groups well. They see this situation as challenging and interesting and perform it well in it. Lastly, in low control situations, they always try to obtain group support often at the expense of the task. In fact under extremely stressful situations, they may also withdraw from leadership role, failing to direct the group’s work. The second factor is task oriented. According to Fiedler, the LPC score for leaders here is 64 and below. Low LPC leaders are more concerned with the task, and less dependent on group support. They tend to be eager and impatient to get on with work. They quickly organize the job and have a no-nonsense attitude about getting the work done. In moderate control situations, they are anxious and less effective. They become absorbed in the task and pay little attention to personal relations in the group. They tend to be insensitive to the feelings of their group members, and the group resents the lack of concern. However, in high control situations, these leaders are relaxed and develop pleasant relations with subordinates and they are easy to get along with. As work gets done, they do not interfere with the group or expect interference from their superiors. And lastly in low control situations, the leaders devote themselves to their challenging task. They organize and drive the group to task completion. They also tend to control the group tightly and maintain strict discipline. Fiedler and associates concluded that if a leader’s LPC scores fall between 65 and 72, then the leader must carefully analyze their leadership style as they learn more about the relationship oriented and task oriented styles. However, it is important to note that there is no single leadership style that is effective in all situations. Rather, certain leadership styles are better suited for some situations than for others. Fiedler further pointed out that the effectiveness of the leader is contingent upon the orientation of the leader and the favorableness of the situation.

The French Lieutenants Woman essays

The French Lieutenant's Woman essays In The French Lieutenants Woman by John Fowles, the author explores the parallel processes of reading and writing (Hagen,439). In chapter 47, Fowls uses both romance and mystery as an effective strategy for provoking reader interaction. Patricia Hagens Revision Revisited: Reading (and) The French Lieutenants Woman helps to further explain this idea. Throughout the book and especially in this chapter, Sarah Woodruff maintains a sense of mystery that proves to be essential in bringing about an interaction between the readers, characters, and the author. By this point, the plot has fully developed and it is no longer the authors decision of how the story line will end, but the choice of the characters. In chapter 47, Charles realizes that Sarah was a virgin, and must deal with the fact that everything she has said and done was based on a lie. Throughout the novel, Charles has always seen Sarah as an angel, but now views her as the exact opposite, mad, evil, enlacing him in the strangest of nets...but why? (Fowles,354). This question fundamentally changes Charles from a character to an actual person. Based on this moment in the novel, the reader is forced to look at Sarah and Charles as more than just plot objects, but simply as human beings. Through this lens, the reader (re)constructs not only characters, plot, setting the traditional elements of fiction- but also the writing process itself (Hagen,443). Charless impression of Sarah changes, creating the potential for a twist of events. Consequently, the reader becomes so drawn with the writer and characters that the novel is no longer thought of as a finished work of literature, but a text in the process of becoming (Hagen,443). Nonetheless, Charles is confused as to why Sarah has lied to him. However, she herself is unable to explain her actions. This emphasizes her mysterious nature that keeps t...

Horned and Frilled Ceratopsian Dinosaurs

Horned and Frilled Ceratopsian Dinosaurs Among the most distinctive of all dinosaurs, ceratopsians (Greek for horned faces) are also the most easily identified - even an eight-year-old can tell, just by looking, that Triceratops was closely related to Pentaceratops, and that both were close cousins of Chasmosaurus and Styracosaurus. However, this extensive family of horned, frilled dinosaurs has its own subtleties, and includes some genera you might not have expected. (See a gallery of horned, frilled dinosaur pictures and profiles and a slideshow of famous horned dinosaurs that werent Triceratops.) Although the usual exceptions and qualifications apply, especially among early members of the breed, paleontologists broadly define ceratopsians as herbivorous, four-legged, elephant-like dinosaurs whose enormous heads sported elaborate horns and frills. The famous ceratopsians listed above lived exclusively in North America during the late Cretaceous period; in fact, ceratopsians may be the most All-American of dinosaurs, though some genera did hail from Eurasia and the earliest members of the breed originated in eastern Asia. Early Ceratopsians As stated above, the first horned, frilled dinosaurs werent confined to North America; numerous specimens have also been discovered in Asia (most notably the area in and around Mongolia). Previously, as far as paleontologists could tell, the earliest true ceratopsian was believed to be the relatively small Psittacosaurus, which lived in Asia from 120 to 100 million years ago. Psittacosaurus didnt look much like Triceratops, but close examination of this dinosaurs small, parrot-like skull reveals some distinctively ceratopsian traits. Recently, however, a new contender has come to light: the three-foot-long Chaoyangsaurus, which dates to the late Jurassic period (as with Psittacosaurus, Chaoyangsaurus has been pegged as a ceratopsian mostly because of the structure of its horny beak); another early genus is the 160-million-year-old Yinlong. Because they lacked horns and frills, Psittacosaurus and these other dinosaurs are sometimes classified as protoceratopsians, along with Leptoceratops, the oddly named Yamaceratops and Zuniceratops, and, of course, Protoceratops, which roamed the plains of Cretaceous central Asia in vast herds and was a favorite prey animal of raptors and tyrannosaurs (one Protoceratops fossil has been discovered locked in combat with a fossilized Velociraptor). Confusingly, some of these protoceratopsians coexisted with true ceratopsians, and researchers have yet to determine the exact genus of early Cretaceous protoceratopsian from which all later horned, frilled dinosaurs evolved. The Ceratopsians of the Later Mesozoic Era Fortunately, the story gets easier to follow once we reach the more famous ceratopsians of the late Cretaceous period. Not only did all these dinosaurs inhabit roughly the same territory at roughly the same time, but they all looked unnervingly alike, save for the differing arrangements of the horns and frills on their heads. For example, Torosaurus possessed two big horns, Triceratops three; Chasmosaurus frill was rectangular in shape, while Styracosaurus looked more like a triangle. (Some paleontologists claim that Torosaurus was actually a growth stage of Triceratops, an issue that has yet to be conclusively settled.) Why did these dinosaurs sport such elaborate head displays? As with many such anatomical features in the animal kingdom, they probably served a dual (or triple) purpose: horns could be used to fend off ravenous predators as well as to intimidate fellow males in the herd for mating rights, and frills could make a ceratopsian look bigger in the eyes of a hungry Tyrannosaurus Rex, as well as attract the opposite sex and (possibly) dissipate or collect heat. A recent study concludes that the main factor driving the evolution of horns and frills in ceratopsians was the need for members of the same herd to recognize each other! Paleontologists divide the horned, frilled dinosaurs of the late Cretaceous period into two families. Chasmosaurine ceratopsians, typified by Chasmosaurus, had relatively long brow horns and large frills, while centrosaurine ceratopsians, typified by Centrosaurus, possessed shorter brow horns and smaller frills, often with large, ornate spines projecting from the top. However, these distinctions shouldnt be taken as set in stone, since new ceratopsians are constantly being discovered across the expanse of North Americain fact, more certaopsians have been discovered in the U.S. than any other type of dinosaur. Ceratopsian Family Life Paleontologists often have a hard time distinguishing male from female dinosaurs, and they sometimes cant even conclusively identify juveniles (which may have been either the children of one genus of dinosaur or the full-grown adults of another). Ceratopsians, though, are one of the few families of dinosaurs in which the males and females can usually be told apart. The trick is that, as a rule, male ceratopsians had bigger frills and horns, while those of females were slightly (or sometimes significantly) smaller. Oddly enough, the hatchlings of different genera of horned, frilled dinosaurs seem to have been born with pretty much identical skulls, only developing their distinctive horns and frills as they grew into adolescence and adulthood. In this way, ceratopsians were very similar to pachycephalosaurs (bone-headed dinosaurs), the skulls of which also changed shape as they aged. As you can imagine, this has led to a fair amount of confusion; an unwary paleontologist may assign two grossly different ceratopsian skulls to two different genera, when they were actually left by differently aged individuals of the same species.